Corpus luteum cyst

A corpus luteum cyst is a type of ovarian cyst which may rupture about the time of menstruation, and take up to three months to disappear entirely. A corpus luteum cyst rarely occurs in women over the age of 50, because eggs are no longer being released after menopause. Corpus luteum cysts may contain blood and other fluids. The physical shape of a corpus luteum cyst may appear as an enlargement of the ovary itself, rather than a distinct mass -like growth on the surface of the ovary.

Corpus luteum cyst
Corpus luteum cyst with bleeding. Fresh blood is anechoic (black). A protrusion of coagulated blood (lighter in color) can also be seen in the top of the cyst.
SpecialtyGynaecology

Signs and symptoms

Corpus luteum cysts are a normal part of the menstrual cycle. They can, however, grow to almost 10 cm (4 inches) in diameter and have the potential to bleed into themselves or twist the ovary, causing pelvic or abdominal pain. It is possible the cyst may rupture, causing internal bleeding and pain. This pain typically disappears within a few days of the rupture. If the corpus luteum becomes large it may cause ovarian torsion, where the ovary twists and blood flow is cut off. Ovarian torsion is rare and is accompanied by severe pain.

Pathophysiology
Histopathology of corpus luteum cyst.

This type of functional cyst occurs after an egg has been released from a follicle. The follicle then becomes a secretory gland that is known as the corpus luteum. The ruptured follicle begins producing large quantities of estrogen and progesterone in preparation for conception. If a pregnancy doesn't occur, the corpus luteum usually breaks down and disappears. It may, however, fill with fluid or blood, causing the corpus luteum to expand into a cyst, and stay in the ovary. Usually, this cyst is on only one side, and does not produce any symptoms.[1][2]

In women of reproductive age cysts with a diameter of less than 5 cm are common, clinically inconsequential, and almost always a physiological condition rather than a cancer or other disease condition.[3] In postmenopausal women the threshold for concern is 1 cm.[3] Although ovarian cancer may be cystic, it does not arise from benign corpus luteum cysts.[3] Medical specialty professional organizations recommend no follow-up imaging for cysts which are considered clinically inconsequential.[3]

Interaction with medication

The fertility drug clomiphene citrate (Clomid, Serophene), used to induce ovulation, increases the risk of a corpus luteum cyst developing after ovulation. These cysts do not prevent or threaten a resulting pregnancy.[4][5] Women on birth control pills usually do not form these cysts; in fact, preventing these cysts is one way birth control pills work.[6] In contrast, the progesterone-only pill can cause increased frequency of these cysts.

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References
  1. "Ovarian Cysts: What You Need to Know about an Ovarian Cyst and PCOS".
  2. "Corpus luteum cyst". Uni. Utah: Knowledge Weavers: Human Reproduction.
  3. American College of Radiology, "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" (PDF), Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American College of Radiology, archived from the original (PDF) on April 16, 2012, retrieved August 17, 2012, citing
  4. "Ovarian cysts: Causes". Mayo Clinic.
  5. "Corpus luteum cyst". Mayo Clinic.
  6. Hill DA. "Photos of the Ovaries". Women's Health Information. Archived from the original on March 21, 2007.
Classification
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