Conservative wave

The conservative wave (Portuguese: onda conservadora; Spanish: ola conservadora), or blue tide, is a right-wing political phenomenon that emerged in mid-2010 in South America as a direct reaction to the pink tide.[1][2]

This article is about right-wing populist wave in Latin America that appeared in mid-2010s. For the right-wing to far-right nationalistic populist wave outside of Latin America like North America and Europe in mid-2010s, see Neo-nationalism.
Map of Latin America showing countries with centre-left, left-wing or socialist governments (red) and centre-right, right-wing or conservative governments (blue) in 2011 (left) and 2018 (right).

After a decade of leftist governments, influence of the São Paulo Forum which had supported leftist parties in South America and the Caribbean has declined as in Argentina the conservative liberal Mauricio Macri succeeded the Peronist Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in 2015; in Brazil, there was Dilma Rousseff's impeachment process that resulted in Rouseff's departure and the rise of her Vice President Michel Temer to power in 2016; in Chile the conservative Sebastián Piñera succeeded the socialist Michelle Bachelet in 2017 just as it was in 2009; and in 2018 the far-right congressman Jair Bolsonaro became 38th President of Brazil.[3]

The conservative phenomenon has been compared with the election of Donald Trump in the United States and the growth of the right-wing populism and neo-nationalism in Europe as similar phenomena.[4] The growing numbers and influence of strongly socially conservative and prosperity theology-believers among the evangelical Christian communities in Latin America has also been pointed as one of the factors behind the phenomenon.[5][6][7][8]

Background

According to Roberto Schwarz, the left has historically had cultural hegemony. It can be considered its peak in the 1990s, a period that coincides with the beginning of the pink tide, or leftward turn in Latin American politics. In his essay Culture and Politics in Brazil (1964–1969), literary critic and professor Roberto Schwarz already observed the phenomenon. In full military regime, he writes:

[T]here is relative cultural hegemony of the left. It can be seen in the bookstores of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, full of Marxism, in theatrical premieres [...] in the student movement or in the proclamations of the advanced clergy. In the shrines of bourgeois culture, the left sets the tone.

— Roberto Schwarz, Culture and Politics[9]

Schwarz feared that the left would lose its cultural hegemony after the hardening of the military regime, but that did not happen. With the return of democracy, the left's cultural and intellectual hegemony was still enormous. In his work entitled Literature (1988), sociologist and writer Antonio Candido already observed the phenomenon. It was rare to find any politician or entrepreneur who risked defining himself as conservative as they were all "invariably centered, even center-left, including the frankly reactionary".

Locations

Argentina
Argentinian Ex-President Mauricio Macri alongside the Chilean conservative Sebastián Piñera

In Argentina, the election of the centre-right Mauricio Macri in November 2015 as President of Argentina brought a right-wing government to power, although the populist movements of Peronism and Kirchnerism (tied to its leader Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's popularity)[10] initially remained somewhat strong.[11] The former engineer and Buenos Aires mayor cut energy subsidies, ended currency controls, and started other reforms that have allowed Argentina to win back the favor of international financial markets. In October 2017, Macri established a more firm hold on power when many candidates of his Cambiemos party enjoyed victories in the 2017 Argentine legislative election, making a political comeback for Kirchner more difficult.[12] A series of corruption scandals involving Macri and his allies developed during his presidential period,[13] including six federal investigations for alleged money laundry, influence trafficking and illegal increase of his family's wealth[14] while also being involved in the Panama Papers scandal.[15] In 2017, Macri's pension reform faced massive protests in opposition that some members of the press described as the most violent protest in Buenos Aires in decades.[16][17] Media reporters have accused Macri's government of police brutality and violent repression while handling these[18][19] and other recent protests.[20]

In October 2019 Mauricio Macri lost the Argentinian presidential election to the Left-leaning Alberto Fernández who was sworn into office in December 2019. [21]

Brazil

In Brazil, it began roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff won the 2014 presidential election in a tight election, kicking off the fourth term of the Workers' Party in the highest position of government.[22] In addition, according to the political analyst of the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice Antônio Augusto de Queiroz the National Congress elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the "re-democratization" movement, noting an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, such as ruralists, military, police and the religious.

The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue ideas from economic liberalism and conservatism in opposition to left-wing policies.

Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro with President Donald Trump in the White House, March 2019

At the same time, young liberals such as those that make up the Free Brazil Movement emerged among many others. For Manheim (1952), within a single real generation there may be several generations which he called "differentiated and antagonistic". For him, it is not the common birth date that marks a generation, though it matters, but rather the historical moment in which they live in common. In the case, the historical moment was the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. They can be called the "post-Dilma generation".[23]

Centrist interim President Michel Temer took office following the impeachment of President Rousseff. Temer held 3% approval ratings in October 2017,[24] facing a corruption scandal after accusations for obstructing justice and racketeering were placed against him.[25] He managed to avoid trial thanks to the support of the right-wing parties in the Brazilian Congress.[24][25] On the other hand, President of the Senate Renan Calheiros, who was acknowledged as one of the key figures behind Rousseff's destitution and member of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, was himself removed from office after facing embezzlement charges.[26]

Far-right candidate Jair Bolsonaro of the Social Liberal Party was the winner of the 2018 presidential election followed by left-wing former Mayor of São Paulo Fernando Haddad of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's Workers' Party.[27] Lula was banned to run after being convicted on criminal corruption charges and being imprisoned.[28][29][30] Bolsonaro has been accused of racist,[31] xenophobic,[32] misogynistic[33] and homophobic rhetoric.[34][35]

Guatemala

In Guatemala, centre-left social democratic leader Alvaro Colom of the National Unity of Hope was elected in 2007, being the only modern day leftist president in the country. Colom's successor, right-wing Liberal Otto Pérez Molina, was forced to resign his presidency due to popular unrest[36][37] and corruption scandals that ended with his arrest.[38] Following Molina's resignation, right-wing Jimmy Morales was elected into office. Morales is currently under investigation for illegal financing.[39]

Honduras
Honduran demonstrator holding a banner with a "don't turn left" sign, 2009.

In Honduras, Manuel Zelaya's turn to the left during his tenure resulted in the 2009 Honduran coup d'état which was condemned by the entire region, including the United States. Years later after the coup, Zelaya said his overthrow was the beginning of the "conservative restoration" in Latin America.[40]

After the coup, the next democratically elected President was right-wing Porfirio Lobo Sosa (2010–2014) and then, right-wing Juan Orlando Hernández of the conservative National Party, won the presidential election over left-wing Xiomara Castro (Zelaya's wife) by a slight margin. Soon after, Hernández reformed the Constitution to allow himself to be candidate for immediate reelection (something until then forbidden by Honduran law) and ran as candidate for the 2017 presidential election in what some observers question as undemocratic, authoritarian-leaning[41][42] and corrupt.[43][44] During the election, Hernández' tight self-proclaimed victory over Salvador Nasralla of the Opposition Alliance against the Dictatorship alongside accusations of voter fraud cause massive riots throughout Honduras. The declaration of a curfew from the country label as illegal by some jurists[45] according to the Constitution and the violent repression of the protests left at least seven dead and dozens injured.[46] Due to the general popular unrest and voter fraud allegations, the Organization of American States requested a new election to no avail.[47][48][49][50]

Paraguay
See also: 1954 Paraguayan coup d'etat and El Stronato

In Paraguay, the conservative, right-wing Colorado Party ruled the country for over sixty years, including the American-supported[51][52][53][54][53][54] dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner that lasted thirty-five years, from 1954 to 1989. Paraguay is one of the poorest countries of South America. This dominant-party system was temporary broken in the 2008 presidential elections, when practically the entire opposition united in the Patriotic Alliance for Change managed to elect former Bishop Fernando Lugo of the Christian Democratic Party as President of Paraguay. Lugo's government was praised for its social reforms, including investments in low-income housing,[55] the introduction of free treatment in public hospitals,[56][57] the introduction of cash transfers for Paraguay's most impoverished citizens[58] and indigenous rights.[59]

Nevertheless, Lugo did not finish his period as he was impeached despite enjoying very high approval ratings and popularity. The impeachment was rejected by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights,[60] condemned by both right-wing and left-wing governments[61][62] and considered a coup d'état by UNASUR and Mercosur and treated accordingly with sanctions and suspensions for Paraguay.[63][64] Lugo was later elected Senator and President of the Senate. He was replaced by Vice President Federico Franco, who was distanced from Lugo by ideological reasons, opposed to the entry of Venezuela into the Mercosur, and was described as conservative.[65][66]

Paraguay's next democratically elected President, right-wing Colorado Horacio Cartes, described by human rights organizations as authoritarian and homophobe,[67] has attempted to reform the Constitution to allow himself to be re-elected indefinitely, something which caused popular uproar. Cartes was also the suspect of money laundry[68][69][70] and tax evasion scandals.[71][72][73]

Peru

In Peru, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski won the 2016 presidential election, with Peru becoming yet another country that departs from a centre-left government.[74] In this election, the third candidate with major support was leftist candidate Veronika Mendoza of the Broad Front with 18% of votes.[75] Following corruption investigations surrounding Odebrecht, Peru's Congress demanded Kuczynski to defend himself in a session, with Odebrecht stating that Kuczynski's involvement with the company was legal compared to the illegalities performed by his leftist predecessor.[76] Due to the corruption scandal, the impeachment of Kuczynski was started,[77] but voted against by a slight margin in Congress.[78] After videos were leaked to the public showing bribery from the Fujimorists to keep Kuczynski in office, Kuczyinski resigned on his own.

Reception

Brazil

On the political changes that were happening in the country, a collection of twenty essays organized by Felipe Demier and Rejane Hoeveler, titled The Conservative Wave – Essays on the Current Dark Times in Brazil, was launched in 2016. In the synopsis, professor emeritus José Paulo Netto characterizes the right-wing opposition as being downgrade of intelligence.[23] It is also emphasized the rootedness of reactionary thinking and practices in Brazilian state powers and Brazilian society in multiple dimensions as well as the challenges that the left will have to face. However, many Brazilians who support Bolsonaro's government believe that the PT party's socialism and rampant corruption are to blame for difficulties in the Brazilian economy.[79][80]

Head of the states and governments

Presidents

Below are right-wing and centre-right presidents who have held office in Latin America since 2010. Note that centre-right presidents are marked with *.

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See also

References
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