Climate of South Africa

The climate of South Africa is determined by South Africa's situation between 22°S and 35°S, in the Southern Hemisphere's subtropical zone, and its location between two oceans, Atlantic and the Indian.

Köppen climate classification of South Africa

It has a wider variety of climates than most other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and it has lower average temperatures than other countries within this range of latitude, like Australia, because much of the interior (central plateau or Highveld, including Johannesburg) of South Africa is at a higher elevation.

Winter temperatures may reach the freezing point at high altitude, but are at their most mild in coastal regions, particularly KwaZulu Natal Province and perhaps the Eastern Cape. Cold and warm coastal currents running north-west and north-east respectively account for the difference in climates between west and east coasts. The weather is also influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.

South Africa experiences a high degree of sunshine with rainfall about half of the global average, increasing from west to east, and with semi-desert regions in the north-west. While the Western Cape has a Mediterranean climate with winter rainfall, most of the country experiences summer rain.

Temperature

South Africa has typical weather for the Southern Hemisphere, with the coldest days in June–August. On the central plateau, which includes the Free State and Gauteng provinces, the altitude keeps the average temperatures below 20 °C (68 °F); Johannesburg, for example, lies at 1,753 metres (5,751 ft). In winter temperatures can drop below freezing, also due to altitude. During winter it is warmest in the coastal regions, especially on the eastern Indian Ocean coast.

Warm season weather is influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). South Africa experiences hotter and drier weather during the El Niño phase, while La Niña brings cooler and wetter conditions.

Average temperatures (°C) in South Africa[1]

City	Summer (January)		Winter (July)
	Max	Min	Max	Min
Bloemfontein	31	15	17	–2
Cape Town	26	16	18	7
Durban	28	21	23	11
East London	26	18	21	10
George	25	15	19	7
Johannesburg	26	15	20	4
Kimberley	33	18	19	3
Mthatha	27	16	21	4
Musina	34	21	25	7
Nelspruit	29	19	23	6
Pietermaritzburg	28	18	23	3
Polokwane	28	17	20	4
Port Elizabeth	25	18	20	9
Pretoria	29	18	24	5
Richards Bay	29	21	23	12
Skukuza	33	21	26	6
Thohoyandou	31	20	24	10
Upington	36	20	21	4

Average temperatures (°F) in South Africa

City	Summer (January)		Winter (July)
	Max	Min	Max	Min
Bloemfontein	87.8	59	62.6	28.4
Cape Town	78.8	60.8	64.4	44.6
Durban	82.4	69.8	73.4	51.8
East London	78.8	64.4	69.8	50
George	77	59	66.2	44.6
Johannesburg	78.8	59	68	39.2
Kimberley	91.4	64.4	66.2	37.4
Mthatha	80.6	60.8	69.8	39.2
Musina	93.2	69.8	77	44.6
Nelspruit	84.2	66.2	73.4	42.8
Pietermaritzburg	82.4	64.4	73.4	37.4
Polokwane	82.4	62.6	68	39.2
Port Elizabeth	77	64.4	68	48.2
Pretoria	84.2	64.4	75.2	41
Richards Bay	84.2	69.8	73.4	53.6
Skukuza	91.4	69.8	78.8	42.8
Thohoyandou	87.8	68	75.2	50
Upington	96.8	68	69.8	39.2

Precipitation

South Africa is a sunny country, averaging 8–10 daily sunshine hours in most regions.[2] The average annual rainfall for South Africa is about 464 mm (compared to a global average of 786 mm[3]) but large and unpredictable variations are common. Overall, rainfall is greatest in the east and gradually decreases westward, with some semi-desert areas along the western edge of South Africa. For most of the country, rain falls mainly in the summer months with brief afternoon thunderstorms. The exception is the Western Cape and its capital city Cape Town where the climate is Mediterranean and it rains more in the wintertime.[4] In the winter months, snow collects on the high mountains of the Cape and the Drakensberg.

Oceans

South Africa's coasts are major tourist attractions and trade locations. This makes the ocean important to South Africa and its citizens. The Indian and Atlantic oceans meet at the southwestern tip of South Africa. The warm Agulhas Current runs south along the east coast and the cold Benguela Current flows north along the western shore. As a result, there is at least a 6 °C difference in the annual temperatures of Durban (on the east) and Port Nolloth (on the west) despite being located at roughly the same latitude.[4] With several other parts on the interior not receiving an adequate amount of rainfall and thus prone to droughts.

Climatic zones

  Arid (desert)

  Steppe (veld), summer rainfall

  Subtropical, winter rain, dry summer

  Subtropical, winter and summer rain

  Temperate, summer rainfall

  Temperate, (cold)

Climatic zones are often referred to by the seasonal pattern of rainfall. The winter rainfall region is confined to a relatively small area in the south-west, the Western Cape area, where gentle rain falls from May to August but the summers are dry. The summer rainfall region is the largest, being most of the country north of the coastal areas and the north west arid desert. Rain falls from October to February and is often heavy, with the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east. The summer and winter rainfall region is the Eastern Cape. The arid regions are in the north-west, with the driest areas being the north-west coast. Vegetation tends to vary by climatic zone[5] and these also correspond to the horticultural zones.[6]

The Highveld is the eastern plateau area of South Africa. It is typified by Johannesburg, at an elevation of 1,753 metres (5,751 ft). The former central business district is found on the south side of the prominent ridge called the Witwatersrand and the terrain falls to the north and south. By and large the Witwatersrand marks the watershed between the Limpopo and Vaal Rivers. The north and west of the city has undulating hills while the eastern parts are flatter.

Johannesburg enjoys a dry, sunny climate, with the exception of occasional late afternoon downpours in the summer months of October to April.[7] Temperatures in the city are usually fairly mild due to the city's high altitude, with the average maximum daytime temperature in January of 26 °C (78.8 °F), dropping to an average maximum of around 16 °C (60.8 °F) in June. Winter is the sunniest time of the year, with cool days and cold nights. The temperature occasionally drops to below freezing at night, causing frost. Snow is a rare occurrence, with snowfall having been experienced in May 1956, August 1962, June 1964, September 1981, August 2006 (light), on 27 June 2007,[8] accumulating up to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in the southern suburbs, and most recently on 7 August 2012. Regular cold fronts pass over in winter bringing very cold southerly winds but usually clear skies. The annual average rainfall is 713 millimetres (28.1 in), which is mostly concentrated in the summer months. Infrequent showers occur through the course of the winter months.

The Western Cape province has a Mediterranean climate with warm to hot, dry, sunny summer weather and mild, rainy conditions in winter.

Climate change

This section is an excerpt from Climate change in South Africa[edit]

Climate change in South Africa will have wide reaching effects on the country. The most severe of which will be on water supply, and its subsequent effects such as a decrease in agriculture.[9]

South Africa contributes considerable CO2 emissions, being the 14th largest emitter of CO2.[9] Per capita, South Africa had 9.5 tons of CO2 emissions per capita in 2015—above the global average.[9] This is in large part due to its energy system relying heavily on coal and oil.[9] As part of its international commitments, South Africa has pledged to peak emissions between 2020 and 2025.[9]

See also

• Effects of global warming
• Cape Town water crisis
• 2018–19 Southern Africa drought
• Main features of climate[10]

References

1. "South Africa's weather and climate". South Africa gateway. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
2. "South Africa". BBC Weather. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
3. Schneider, Udo; Becker, Andreas; Finger, Peter; Meyer-Christoffer, Anja; Ziese, Markus; Rudolf, Bruno (1 January 2014). "GPCC's new land surface precipitation climatology based on quality-controlled in situ data and its role in quantifying the global water cycle". Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 115 (1): 15–40. doi:10.1007/s00704-013-0860-x. ISSN 1434-4483.
4. SAG 2016.
5. Rainfall regions 2016.
6. PlantZAfrica 2016, Horticultural Zones
7. "Johannesburg & Gauteng Weather and Climate". www.safarinow.com. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
8. SABCnews.com. "Joburg covered by snow as temperature drops". Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
9. "The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa". Carbon Brief. 15 October 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
10. Schragis, Rachel, author., Confronting the climate : a flowchart of the people's climate march, OCLC 990060147, retrieved 4 June 2020CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Sources

• "Geography and mate". About SA. South African Government. 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
• "Land and its people: Climate" (PDF). South Africa Yearbook 2014/15. South African Government. 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
• "Rainfall Regions in South Africa" (PDF). Grade 5 Geography. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
• "PlantZAfrica". SANBI. Retrieved 14 November 2016.