Clerodendrum

Clerodendrum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Verbenaceae.[2] Its common names include glorybower, bagflower and bleeding-heart. It is currently classified in the subfamily Ajugoideae, being one of several genera transferred from Verbenaceae to Lamiaceae in the 1990s, based on phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular data.[3]

Clerodendrum
Clerodendrum trichotomum fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Subfamily: Ajugoideae
Genus: Clerodendrum
L.[1]
Type species
Clerodendrum infortunatum
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]

Adelosa Blume
Archboldia E.Beer & H.J.Lam
Siphoboea Baill.
Siphonanthus L.
Spironema Hochst.

Estimates of the number of species in Clerodendrum vary widely, from about 150[4] to about 450.[2] This is partly because about 30 species have been transferred to Rotheca,[5][6] about 30 more to Volkameria, and 1 to Ovieda.[4] The type species for the genus is Clerodendrum infortunatum.[7] It is native to Sri Lanka and the Andaman Islands.[8]

The genus is native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the world, with most of the species occurring in tropical Africa and southern Asia, but with a few in the tropical Americas and northern Australasia, and a few extending north into the temperate zone in eastern Asia.[9]

They are shrubs, lianas, and small trees, usually growing to 1–12 m (3 ft 3 in–39 ft 4 in) tall, with opposite or whorled leaves. C. floribundum can grow to 30 m (98 ft) tall.[10] Clerodendrum fistulosum and Clerodendrum myrmecophila have hollow stems that are inhabited by ants.[9] Clerodendrum trichotomum is a common ornamental in warmer parts of the world.[9] Eight other species are also grown in the tropics for their abundant and attractive flowers.[11] One of these, Clerodendrum macrostegium, suckers abundantly from the roots, often producing a thicket within a few years.[11]

The following species are cultivated in the UK:

Clerodendrum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Endoclita malabaricus and Endoclita sericeus. Both butterflies and hummingbirds are often attracted to blooming clerodendrum.

Description
Close-up of a C. quadriculare flower

The following description is based on the one by Yuan et alii (2010) and applies to only the monophyletic circumscription of Clerodendrum.[4]

Clerodendrum is a genus of small trees, shrubs, lianas, and subherbaceous perennials. Leaves decussate or whorled, never spiny as in some close relatives.

Inflorescence usually terminal. Sepals usually connate, often colored, usually accrescent. Corolla red to yellow, pink, or white. Corolla tube 5-lobed, the lobes usually unequal.

Stamens 4 (rarely 5), usually in 2 pairs of unequal length and projecting well beyond the mouth of the corolla.

Ovary incompletely 4-locular. Ovules 4. Style terminal on the ovary, bifid.

Fruit a drupe, usually with 4 grooves or lobes, 4-seeded (rarely 2-seeded by abortion).

Pollination

Clerodendrum and its relatives have an unusual pollination syndrome which avoids self-pollination. This mating system combines dichogamy and herkogamy.[4]

The flowers are protandrous. When the flower opens, the stamens stand erect, parallel to the central axis of the flower, while the style bends over, holding the stigma beyond the rim of the corolla. After the pollen is shed, the stamens curl up or bend over, and the style straightens out, bringing the stigma to the center of the flower. Except for Aegiphila, which is heterostylous, this breeding strategy is shared by all members of the clade consisting of Kalaharia, Clerodendrum, Volkameria, Aegiphila, Ovieda, Tetraclea, and Amasonia.[4]

History

Clerodendrum was named by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753.[12] The name is derived from two Greek words, kleros, meaning "chance or fate" or "clergy", and dendron, "a tree".[13] It refers to the considerable variation in reports of the usefulness of Clerodendrum in medicine,[9] and also to the fact the trees were used for religious purposes in Asia.

Regional revisions of Clerodendrum have been done for local floras, but the last monograph of the entire genus was by John Isaac Briquet in 1895.[14] He recognized about 90 species, defining the genus broadly to include species that others had placed in Rotheca, Volkameria, and Ovieda. His circumscription was followed by most authors for the next 100 years, even though it was widely believed to be problematic.[4]

In 1997, phylogenetic analysis of DNA data showed that Clerodendrum, as then understood, was polyphyletic.[15] This situation was remedied in 1998 with the revival of Rotheca.[5] This taxonomic change was based on previous work and on a molecular phylogenetic study that was not published until the following year.[16]

In 2004, a study of DNA sequences showed that the monospecific Australian genus Huxleya was embedded in a clade of Clerodendrum species that had formerly been placed in Volkameria.[17] Huxleya was then sunk into synonymy with Clerodendrum. The 2004 study sampled Aegiphila, Tetraclea, and Amasonia, three New World genera of Ajugoideae that had not previously been sampled for DNA. The results of this study cast doubt, once again, upon the monophyly of Clerodendrum.

In 2010, a study of four chloroplast DNA intergenic spacers showed that part of Clerodendrum was closer to the New world genera than to other Clerodendrum, and that one species of Clerodendrum was nested within the clade of New World genera.[4] The authors of this study resurrected the genus Volkameria and assigned to it about 30 species that had been in Clerodendrum. They also resurrected Ovieda as a monotypic genus consisting of Ovieda spinosa. Volkameria and Ovieda had been erected by Linnaeus in 1753. Modern cladistic analysis has largely vindicated his concepts of Clerodendrum and its relatives.

Traditional medicinal use

Clerodendrum glandulosum. Coleb leaf aqueous extract is traditionally used by people of North-East India to alleviate symptoms of diabetes, obesity and hypertension.

Among the Hmar and Zomi tribes in the North East India Anphui(Clerodendrum) is also being used as a dish/curry.[18]

Systematics

Clerodendrum is strongly supported as monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses. It consists of two clades, each of which receives strong bootstrap support. One clade contains mostly African species. The other is mostly Asian. The African and Asian groups can not confidently be divided into sections without more extensive sampling of taxa in phylogenetic studies. The Madagascan species, in particular, are poorly studied.[4]

It appears that the long, narrow corolla tube evolved only once in Clerodendrum, and appeared again, among its relatives, in Ovieda.[4]

Species

Plants of the World Online currently includes:[19]

  • Clerodendrum abilioi R.Fern.
  • Clerodendrum adenocalyx Dop
  • Clerodendrum adenophysum Hallier f.
  • Clerodendrum africanum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum albiflos H.J.Lam
  • Clerodendrum alboviolaceum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum andamanense (Moldenke) A.Rajendran & P.Daniel
  • Clerodendrum anomalum Letouzey
  • Clerodendrum apayaoense Quisumb.
  • Clerodendrum arenarium Baker
  • Clerodendrum atlanticum Jongkind
  • Clerodendrum aucubifolium Hemsl.
  • Clerodendrum bakhuizenii Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum barba-felis Hallier f.
  • Clerodendrum baronianum Oliv.
  • Clerodendrum baumii Gürke
  • Clerodendrum bellum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum bingaense S.Moore
  • Clerodendrum bipindense Gürke
  • Clerodendrum boivinii Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum bosseri Capuron
  • Clerodendrum brachyanthum Schauer
  • Clerodendrum brachystemon C.Y.Wu & R.C.Fang
  • Clerodendrum bracteatum Wall. ex Walp.
  • Clerodendrum brassii Beer & H.J.Lam
  • Clerodendrum breviflorum Ridl.
  • Clerodendrum brooksii Ridl.
  • Clerodendrum brunfelsiiflorum Hallier f.
  • Clerodendrum brunnescens Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum brunsvigioides Baker
  • Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxb.) Walp.
  • Clerodendrum buchneri Gürke
  • Clerodendrum buettneri Gürke
  • Clerodendrum bungei Steud.
  • Clerodendrum calamitosum L.
  • Clerodendrum canescens Wall. ex Walp.
  • Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd.) Schumach.
  • Clerodendrum carnosulum Baker
  • Clerodendrum caryopteroides Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum cauliflorum Vatke
  • Clerodendrum cecil-fischeri A.Rajendran & P.Daniel
  • Clerodendrum cephalanthum Oliv.
  • Clerodendrum ceramenae Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum chamaeriphes Wernham
  • Clerodendrum chartaceum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb.
  • Clerodendrum chlorisepalum Merr. ex Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum citrinum Ridl.
  • Clerodendrum cochinchinense Dop
  • Clerodendrum colebrookeanum Walp.
  • Clerodendrum comans Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum condensatum Miq.
  • Clerodendrum confine S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang
  • Clerodendrum confusum Hallier f.
  • Clerodendrum corbisieri De Wild.
  • Clerodendrum cordatum D.Don
  • Clerodendrum costatum R.Br.
  • Clerodendrum cumingianum Schauer
  • Clerodendrum curranii Elmer
  • Clerodendrum curtisii N.E.Br.
  • Clerodendrum cuspidatum Turcz.
  • Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz.
  • Clerodendrum dauphinense Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum decaryi Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum deflexum Wall.
  • Clerodendrum dembianense Chiov.
  • Clerodendrum densiflorum Griff.
  • Clerodendrum denticulatum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum dependens Aug.DC.
  • Clerodendrum dewittei Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum dinklagei Gürke
  • Clerodendrum disparifolium Blume
  • Clerodendrum dusenii Gürke
  • Clerodendrum ekmanii Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum elbertii Hallier f.
  • Clerodendrum elliotii Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum elliptifolium Merr.
  • Clerodendrum emirnense Bojer ex Hook.
  • Clerodendrum erectum De Wild.
  • Clerodendrum ervatamioides C.Y.Wu
  • Clerodendrum eucalycinum Oliv.
  • Clerodendrum eupatorioides Baker
  • Clerodendrum excavatum De Wild.
  • Clerodendrum farafanganense Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum fasciculatum B.Thomas
  • Clerodendrum fastigiatum (W.Hunter) H.J.Lam
  • Clerodendrum filipes Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum finetii Dop
  • Clerodendrum fistulosum Becc.
  • Clerodendrum flavum Merr.
  • Clerodendrum floribundum R.Br.
  • Clerodendrum formicarum Gürke
  • Clerodendrum fortunatum L.
  • Clerodendrum friesii K.Schum.
  • Clerodendrum frutectorum S.Moore
  • Clerodendrum fugitans Wernham
  • Clerodendrum fuscum Gürke
  • Clerodendrum galeatum Balf.f.
  • Clerodendrum garrettianum Craib
  • Clerodendrum gaudichaudii Dop
  • Clerodendrum geoffrayi Dop
  • Clerodendrum gibbosum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum giganteum (Moldenke) Phillipson & Callm.
  • Clerodendrum globosum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum globuliflorum B.Thomas
  • Clerodendrum godefroyi Kuntze
  • Clerodendrum grayi Munir
  • Clerodendrum grevei Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum griffithianum C.B.Clarke
  • Clerodendrum haematolasium Hallier f.
  • Clerodendrum hahnianum Dop
  • Clerodendrum hainanense Hand.-Mazz.
  • Clerodendrum harmandianum Dop
  • Clerodendrum hastatum (Roxb.) Lindl.
  • Clerodendrum hendersonii Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum henryi C.Pei
  • Clerodendrum hettae Hallier f.
  • Clerodendrum hexangulatum B.Thomas
  • Clerodendrum hildebrandtii Vatke
  • Clerodendrum hircinum Schauer
  • Clerodendrum hispidum M.R.Hend.
  • Clerodendrum hiulcum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum horsfieldii Miq.
  • Clerodendrum humbertii Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum inaequipetiolatum R.D.Good
  • Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze
  • Clerodendrum infortunatum L. type species
  • Clerodendrum ingratum K.Schum. & Lauterb.
  • Clerodendrum insolitum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum intermedium Cham.
  • Clerodendrum involucratum Vatke
  • Clerodendrum izuinsulare K.Inoue & M.Haseg. & Shiro Kobay.
  • Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet
  • Clerodendrum johnstonii Oliv.
  • Clerodendrum johorense Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum kaichianum P.S.Hsu
  • Clerodendrum kalaotoense H.J.Lam
  • Clerodendrum kamhyoae Phillipson & L.Allorge
  • Clerodendrum kampotense Dop
  • Clerodendrum kanichi De Wild.
  • Clerodendrum katangensis De Wild.
  • Clerodendrum kauderni Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum kiangsiense Merr. ex H.L.Li
  • Clerodendrum kinabaluense Stapf
  • Clerodendrum klemmei Elmer
  • Clerodendrum kwangtungense Hand.-Mazz.
  • Clerodendrum laciniatum Balf.f.
  • Clerodendrum laevifolium Blume
  • Clerodendrum lanceoliferum S.Moore
  • Clerodendrum lanessanii Dop
  • Clerodendrum lankawiense King & Gamble
  • Clerodendrum lanuginosum Blume
  • Clerodendrum lastellei Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum laxiflorum Baker
  • Clerodendrum lecomtei Dop
  • Clerodendrum leparense Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum leucobotrys Breteler
  • Clerodendrum leucophloeum Balf.f.
  • Clerodendrum lindenianum A.Rich.
  • Clerodendrum lindleyi Decne. ex Planch.
  • Clerodendrum lloydianum Craib
  • Clerodendrum longiflorum Decne.
  • Clerodendrum longilimbum C.Pei
  • Clerodendrum longisepalum Dop
  • Clerodendrum lutambense Verdc.
  • Clerodendrum luteopunctatum C.Pei & S.L.Chen
  • Clerodendrum luzoniense Merr.
  • Clerodendrum mabesae Merr.
  • Clerodendrum macrocalycinum Baker
  • Clerodendrum macrocalyx H.J.Lam
  • Clerodendrum macrostegium Schauer
  • Clerodendrum madagascariense Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum magnificum Warb.
  • Clerodendrum magnoliifolium Baker
  • Clerodendrum mananjariense Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum mandarinorum Diels
  • Clerodendrum mandrarense Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum mannii Baker
  • Clerodendrum manombense Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum margaritense Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum melanocrater Gürke
  • Clerodendrum membranifolium H.J.Lam
  • Clerodendrum micans Gürke
  • Clerodendrum microcalyx Ridl.
  • Clerodendrum mildbraedii B.Thomas
  • Clerodendrum minahassae Teijsm. & Binn.
  • Clerodendrum mindorense Merr.
  • Clerodendrum moramangense Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum morigono Chiov.
  • Clerodendrum multibracteatum Merr.
  • Clerodendrum myrianthum Mildbr.
  • Clerodendrum myrmecophilum Ridl.
  • Clerodendrum myrtifolium Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum nhatrangense Dop
  • Clerodendrum nicolsonii A.Rajendran & P.Daniel
  • Clerodendrum nipense Urb.
  • Clerodendrum nutans Wall. ex Jack
  • Clerodendrum oblongifolium Kochummen
  • Clerodendrum ohwii Kaneh. & Hatus.
  • Clerodendrum palmatolobatum Dop
  • Clerodendrum paniculatum L.
  • Clerodendrum parvitubulatum B.Thomas
  • Clerodendrum parvulum L.S.Sm.
  • Clerodendrum paucidentatum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum pauciflorum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum peii Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum peregrinum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum perrieri Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum petasites (Lour.) S.Moore
  • Clerodendrum petunioides Baker
  • Clerodendrum philippinense Elmer
  • Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f.
  • Clerodendrum phyllomega Steud.
  • Clerodendrum pierreanum Dop
  • Clerodendrum pleiosciadium Gürke
  • Clerodendrum poggei Gürke
  • Clerodendrum polyanthum Gürke
  • Clerodendrum polycephalum Baker
  • Clerodendrum porphyrocalyx K.Schum. & Lauterb.
  • Clerodendrum praetervisa Guinea
  • Clerodendrum premnoides Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum preslii Elmer
  • Clerodendrum puberulum Merr.
  • Clerodendrum pubiflorum (Bakh. ex Moldenke) Wearn
  • Clerodendrum pubifolium Quisumb. & Merr.
  • Clerodendrum pusillum Gürke
  • Clerodendrum putre Schauer
  • Clerodendrum pygmaeum Merr.
  • Clerodendrum pynaertii De Wild.
  • Clerodendrum pyrifolium Baker
  • Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr.
  • Clerodendrum ramosissimum Baker
  • Clerodendrum revolutum Bosser
  • Clerodendrum ridleyi King & Gamble
  • Clerodendrum riedelii Oliv.
  • Clerodendrum ringoetii De Wild.
  • Clerodendrum robecchii Chiov.
  • Clerodendrum robustum Klotzsch
  • Clerodendrum roseiflorum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum rotundifolium Oliv.
  • Clerodendrum rubellum Baker
  • Clerodendrum rumphianum de Vriese
  • Clerodendrum rusbyi Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum sahelangii Koord. ex Bakh.
  • Clerodendrum sakaleonense Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum sarawakanum H.J.Lam
  • Clerodendrum sassandrense Jongkind
  • Clerodendrum sayapense Wearn
  • Clerodendrum schmidtii C.B.Clarke
  • Clerodendrum schweinfurthii Gürke
  • Clerodendrum scopiferum Miq.
  • Clerodendrum sessilifolium Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum silvanum Henriq.
  • Clerodendrum silvestre B.Thomas
  • Clerodendrum singalense Miq.
  • Clerodendrum singwanum B.Thomas
  • Clerodendrum sinuatum Hook.
  • Clerodendrum smitinandii Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum speciosissimum Drapiez
  • Clerodendrum splendens G.Don
  • Clerodendrum subpeltatum Wernham
  • Clerodendrum subreniforme Gürke
  • Clerodendrum subtruncatum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum sumatranum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum sylvae Adain
  • Clerodendrum sylvestre Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum tanganyikense Baker
  • Clerodendrum tatei (F.Muell.) Munir
  • Clerodendrum ternatum Schinz
  • Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.f.
  • Clerodendrum thouarsii Phillipson & Callm.
  • Clerodendrum thyrsoideum Gürke
  • Clerodendrum tibetanum C.Y.Wu & S.K.Wu
  • Clerodendrum tomentellum Hutch. & Dalziel
  • Clerodendrum tomentosum (Vent.) R.Br.
  • Clerodendrum tonkinense Dop
  • Clerodendrum toxicarium Baker
  • Clerodendrum tracyanum (F.Muell.) Benth.
  • Clerodendrum trichanthum Bosser
  • Clerodendrum tricholobum Gürke
  • Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb.
  • Clerodendrum triflorum Vis.
  • Clerodendrum tubulosum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum umbellatum Poir.
  • Clerodendrum umbratile King & Gamble
  • Clerodendrum urticifolium (Roxb.) Wall. ex Voigt
  • Clerodendrum utakwense Wernham
  • Clerodendrum vanoverberghii Merr.
  • Clerodendrum villosicalyx Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum villosum Blume
  • Clerodendrum vinosum Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum volubile P.Beauv.
  • Clerodendrum wallii Moldenke
  • Clerodendrum welwitschii Gürke
  • Clerodendrum wenzelii Merr.
  • Clerodendrum williamsii Elmer
  • Clerodendrum yunnanense Hu[20]

Formerly placed here
  • Pseudocaryopteris foetida (D.Don) P.D.Cantino (as C. foetidum D.Don)
  • Rotheca incisa (Klotzsch) Steane & Mabb. (as C. incisum Klotzsch or C. macrosiphon Hook.f.)
  • Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb. (as C. myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke or C. ugandense Prain)
  • Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. (as C. serratum (L.) Moon)
  • Volkameria aculeata L. (as C. aculeatum (L.) Schltdl.)
  • Volkameria glabra (E.Mey.) Mabb. & Y.W.Yuan (as C. glabrum E.Mey.)
  • Volkameria inermis L. (as C. inerme (L.) Gaertn.)
  • Volkameria ligustrina Jacq. (as C. ligustrinum (Jacq.) R.Br.)[20]
gollark: It has a partial string metatable bug reimplementation.
gollark: Blacknet would actually work (very slowly and insecurely) on potatOS I think.
gollark: I've just realized that potatOS superglobals likely suffer *horrible* race conditions.
gollark: How'd Blacknet work? String metatable bug?
gollark: SPUDNET communications are best.

References
  1. "Genus: Clerodendrum L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 27 May 2010. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  2. Raymond M. Harley, Sandy Atkins, Andrey L. Budantsev, Philip D. Cantino, Barry J. Conn, Renée J. Grayer, Madeline M. Harley, Rogier P.J. de Kok, Tatyana V. Krestovskaja, Ramón Morales, Alan J. Paton, and P. Olof Ryding. 2004. "Labiatae" pages 167-275. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1
  3. Steven J. Wagstaff, Laura Hickerson, Russ Spangler, Patrick A. Reeves, and Richard G. Olmstead. 1998. "Phylogeny in Labiatae s.l., inferred from cpDNA sequences". Plant Systematics and Evolution 209(3-4):265-274.
  4. Yao-Wu Yuan, David J. Mabberley, Dorothy A. Steane, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2010. "Further disintegration and redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy". Taxon 59(1):125-133.
  5. Dorothy A. Steane and David J. Mabberley. 1998. "Rotheca (Lamiaceae) Revived". Novon 8(2):204-206.
  6. Rosette B. Fernandes and Bernard Verdcourt. 2000. "Rotheca (Labiatae) revived - more new combinations". Kew Bulletin 55(1):147-154.
  7. Clerodendrum In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see External links below).
  8. Anthony J. Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (editors). 1992. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press Limited, London; The Stockton Press, New York.
  9. David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4
  10. Floyd, Alexander G., Australian Rainforests in New South Wales Volume 2 - 1990 ISBN 0-949324-32-9 page 179
  11. George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu (2005)
  12. Clerodendrum page 637. In: Carolus Linnaeus. 1753. Species Plantarum volume 2. Laurentii Salvii. (see External Links below).
  13. Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume I, page 559. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, US. London, UK. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8 (set).
  14. John Isaac Briquet. 1895. "Clerodendrum" pages 174-176. In: "Verbenaceae" pages 132-182. In: Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien volume IV, part 3a. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany.
  15. Dorothy A. Steane; Robert W. Scotland; David J. Mabberley (1997). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Clerodendrum s.l. (Lamiaceae) Inferred from Chloroplast DNA". Systematic Botany. 22 (2): 229–243. doi:10.2307/2419455. JSTOR 2419455.
  16. Dorothy A. Steane; Robert W. Scotland; David J. Mabberley; Richard G. Olmstead (1999). "Molecular systematics of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): ITS sequences and total evidence" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 86 (1): 98–107. doi:10.2307/2656958. JSTOR 2656958. PMID 21680349.
  17. Dorothy A. Steane; Rogier P.J. de Kok; Richard G. Olmstead (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) and other Ajugoid genera inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.011. PMID 15186795.
  18. Anphui Dish from Biaki's Kitchen- https://m.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=699621273413089&id=440688782639674&set=a.440710989304120.111092.440688782639674
  19. Plants of the World Online: Clerodendrum L. (retrieved 8 July 2020)
  20. "GRIN Species Records of Clerodendrum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 20 January 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.