Clericalism

Clericalism is the application of the formal, church-based, leadership or opinion of ordained clergy in matters of either the church or broader political and sociocultural import.

Two priests wearing clerical clothing while walking the streets of Vienna, Austria

Overview

In a pejorative manner, clericalism is often used to denote ecclesiolatry, that is, excessive devotion to the institutional aspects of an organized religion, usually over and against the religion's own beliefs or faith. This means that all issues, even those that may be beyond the religion's jurisdiction, must be addressed by either clergy or their supporters. Clericalism is also used to describe the cronyism and cloistered political environs of hierarchical religions, usually Christian denominational hierarchy, and mainly in reference to the Roman Catholic Church. The phenomenon of clericalism is not restricted to the ordained (e.g., priests, ministers), as it occurs in purely secular guilds, such as academia, the legal and medical establishments, and the public-safety clergy: the police and military.[1]

Outside of Catholicism, clericalism is used to denote the divisions between ordained clergy and lay leaders in some Christian denominations while the older meaning of the term—an application of church-based theory or thought to secular issues—seems rather lost in most current uses of the term. In the aforementioned use of the term, it is important to discern the difference between a belief in a separation of church and state—which is not truly involving of clericalism—and the belief that church leadership should not be an internal and cloistered body that answers only to itself or that such leaders should not act as a powerful force in matters beyond the internal concerns of their church. Much debate in recent years over the sexual-abuse scandals in the Roman Catholic Church has brought about charges of clericalism in the sense of bishops and other leaders covering up the wrongdoing of clergy under their leadership. In this application of the term, clericalism has come to mean a division between ordained church leaders—that such leaders have an exclusive society unto themselves—and the lay followers.

Much debate over clericalism appears to dwell on whether the high clergy should have as much control over church offices and functions as they do, and whether the hierarchical and authoritarian nature of the traditional Catholic systems of promotion for clergy is effective in contemporary society. Again, while the Catholic Church is most commonly at the center of issues germane to clericalism, it is not the only denomination or religion in which charges of clericalism have been brought forth by those who feel the clergy has too much influence or should be reformed. Therefore, the debate over clericalism and anti-clericalism is often really a debate over how and by whom a religious organization (denomination) should be led and directed.

In political history of various countries, distinctive radicalized forms of nationalistic clericalism or clerical nationalism (clero-nationalism or clerico-nationalism) were emerging on the far-right of the political spectrum, specially during the interwar period in the first half of 20th century.[2]

Origin

"The reason that the 19th century French statesman Léon Gambetta said that “clericalism is the enemy” was because he saw freedom from ecclesial power as the principal objective in the battle for public freedom."[3]

Definition
See also: Catholic laity § Clericalism, and Theology of Pope Francis § Clericalism

Pope Francis in his address to the Synod Fathers at Synod2018 gave the following definition of clericalism:

Clericalism arises from an elitist and exclusivist vision of vocation, that interprets the ministry received as a power to be exercised rather than as a free and generous service to be given. This leads us to believe that we belong to a group that has all the answers and no longer needs to listen or learn anything. Clericalism is a perversion and is the root of many evils in the Church: we must humbly ask forgiveness for this and above all create the conditions so that it is not repeated.

— Pope Francis’ Address to the Synod Fathers at Opening of Synod2018 on Young People, the Faith and Vocational Discernment[4]

Toronto priest Fr. Thomas Rosica names and defines “clericalism” with reference to Pope Francis, who he says uses “clericalism” to mean a kind of “ecclesiastical narcissism,” as well as a “club mentality and a corrupt system of cronyism.””[5]

Clericalism has also come to be regarded as a euphemism for acts connected with the abuse crisis such as homosexual pederasty and rape.

Alleged demoniac clergy
For criticism that some Catholic clergy are demonically possessed, see Emmanuel Milingo § Criticism of the church
For criticism that specific Catholic priests made pacts with the devil, see Aix-en-Provence possessions and Loudun possessions
For criticism that Pope Sylvester II made a pact with a feminine demon, see Deal with the Devil § Alleged diabolical pacts in history

Clerical narcissism

A Catholic deacon[6] and a scholar at a Catholic university[7] have criticized the Catholic priesthood for having some narcissistic priests. In 2007, Mary Gail Frawley-O'Dea wrote,[8]

For the priest who is vulnerable to clericalist narcissism, and to the bishop embedded in it, the interpretation of ontological change that posits an actual merger with the being of Jesus Christ at the moment of ordination can support a belief that clergy are called by God to be inherently superior to other human beings.

Clericalism and canon law

In his 1520 Treatise on the New Testament, Martin Luther argued that clericalism was a result of canon law:[9]

Yea, the priests and the monks are deadly enemies, wrangling about their self-conceived ways and methods like fools and madmen, not only to the hindrance, but to the very destruction of Christian love and unity. Each one clings to his sect and despises the others; and they regard the lay-men as though they were no Christians. This lamentable condition is only a result of the laws.

In literature

Clericalism was a significant theme in the 16th century Spanish novella The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes and of His Fortunes and Adversities.

gollark: Also, no swearing for some reason?
gollark: It's just heavy metal but they say vaguely god-y/Christian things.
gollark: I see.
gollark: That sounds intensely annoying.
gollark: Not all traditions repeat like that. I think some end up fading based on longer-term cultural trends or technological stuff.

See also

References
  1. George B. Wilson, S.J. Clericalism: The Death of Priesthood. 2008. Liturgical Press, Collegeville MN USA
  2. Matthew Feldman; Marius Turda; Tudor Georgescu (31 October 2013). Clerical Fascism in Interwar Europe. Routledge. pp. 227–. ISBN 978-1-317-96899-3.
  3. "Toward better understanding of power in the Church - La Croix International". international.la-croix.com. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
  4. Pope Francis’ Address to the Synod Fathers at Opening of Synod2018 on Young People, the Faith and Vocational Discernment
  5. "Salt and Light Catholic Media Foundation". Salt and Light. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
  6. A Few Thoughts on Narcissism in the Priesthood by Doug McManaman
  7. Messing with the Mass: The problem of priestly narcissism today by Paul C. Vitz
  8. Perversion of Power: Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church by Mary Gail Frawley-O'Dea, 2007
  9. Works of Martin Luther: With Introductions and Notes, Volume 1, p. 295, 19115 Holman edition

Literature
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