Claoxylon

Claoxylon is a flowering plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, comprising dioecious subshrubs to small trees. It was first described as a genus in 1824.[2][1] The genus is distributed in paleotropical areas: Madagascar through South and Southeast Asia, Malesia to Melanesia, Hawaiʻi, and Australia. Half of the species are in Malesia. According to a molecular phylogenetic study by Wurdack, Hoffmann & Chase (2005), Claoxylon is sister to Erythrococca (50 species, Africa), and together they form the top of a Hennigian comb-like phylogeny.[3][4]

Claoxylon
Claoxylon sandwicense
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily: Acalyphoideae
Tribe: Acalypheae
Subtribe: Claoxylinae
Genus: Claoxylon
A.Juss.
Type species
Claoxylon parviflorum
Synonyms[1]
  • Erythrochilus Reinw. ex Blume
  • Erythrochylus Reinw. ex Blume, spelling variant
  • Quadrasia Elmer

The genus Claoxylon is usually easily recognizable because the dried leaves in herbariums of most species are rough (few are smooth).

Species[1]
  1. Claoxylon abbreviatum - Java, Bali, Lombok, Timor, Flores, Sulawesi
  2. Claoxylon affine - Java, Bali, Lombok, Timor, Flores
  3. Claoxylon albicans - Philippines
  4. Claoxylon albiflorum - Bismarck Archipelago
  5. Claoxylon angustifolium - Queensland
  6. Claoxylon anomalum - Western Ghats of SW India
  7. Claoxylon arboreum - Philippines
  8. Claoxylon attenuatum - Sabah
  9. Claoxylon australe - Queensland, New South Wales
  10. Claoxylon bicarpellatum - Papua New Guinea
  11. Claoxylon biciliatum - Vanuatu
  12. Claoxylon brachyandrum - Philippines, Sabah, Sulawesi
  13. Claoxylon capillipes - Papua New Guinea, Flores
  14. Claoxylon carinatum - Kalimantan Timur
  15. Claoxylon carolinianum - Caroline Islands
  16. Claoxylon carrii - Papua New Guinea
  17. Claoxylon centenarium - Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin Islands)
  18. Claoxylon colfsii - Sumbawa
  19. Claoxylon collenettei - Rapa-Iti
  20. Claoxylon coriaceolanatum - Papua New Guinea
  21. Claoxylon crassipes - Philippines
  22. Claoxylon crassivenium - Philippines
  23. Claoxylon cuneatum - Western New Guinea
  24. Claoxylon decaryanum - Madagascar
  25. Claoxylon dolichostachyum - Réunion
  26. Claoxylon echinospermum - Fiji
  27. Claoxylon ellipticum - Philippines
  28. Claoxylon erythrophyllum - E Indonesia
  29. Claoxylon euphorbioides - Philippines
  30. Claoxylon extenuatum - Bougainville
  31. Claoxylon fallax - Fiji, Tonga
  32. Claoxylon flavum - Madagascar
  33. Claoxylon fulvescens - Papua New Guinea, Sulawesi
  34. Claoxylon gillisonii - Vanuatu
  35. Claoxylon glabrifolium - Java, Bali, Lombok, Timor, Flores
  36. Claoxylon glandulosum - Mauritius
  37. Claoxylon goodenoviense - D'Entrecasteaux Islands
  38. †Claoxylon grandifolium - Mauritius, Réunion but extinct
  39. Claoxylon gymnadenum - Bougainville
  40. Claoxylon hainanense - Hainan
  41. Claoxylon hillii - New Guinea, N Australia
  42. Claoxylon hirsutellum - Kalimantan Timur
  43. Claoxylon hosei - Sarawak
  44. Claoxylon humbertii - Madagascar
  45. Claoxylon indicum - S China, SE Asia, New Guinea, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Christmas Island
  46. Claoxylon insigne - Sarawak
  47. Claoxylon insulanum - New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands
  48. Claoxylon kaievskii - Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz Islands
  49. Claoxylon khasianum - West Bengal, Bangladesh, Assam
  50. Claoxylon kinabaluense - Sabah
  51. Claoxylon kingii - S Thailand, Perak
  52. Claoxylon kotoense - Taiwan
  53. Claoxylon lambiricum - Sarawak
  54. Claoxylon ledermannii - Papua New Guinea
  55. Claoxylon linostachys - Mauritius
  56. Claoxylon longifolium - Assam, SE Asia, New Guinea, Caroline Islands
  57. Claoxylon longipetiolatum - Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar
  58. Claoxylon longiracemosum - Palau
  59. Claoxylon lutescens - New Guinea
  60. Claoxylon macranthum - Mauritius, Madagascar
  61. Claoxylon mananarense - Madagascar
  62. Claoxylon marianum - Mariana Islands
  63. Claoxylon medullosum - Madagascar
  64. Claoxylon microcarpum - Papua New Guinea
  65. Claoxylon monoicum - Madagascar
  66. Claoxylon muscisilvae - Papua New Guinea
  67. Claoxylon neoebudicum - Vanuatu, Santa Cruz Islands, Fiji
  68. Claoxylon nervosum - Papua New Guinea
  69. Claoxylon nigtanig - Bougainville
  70. Claoxylon nubicola - Papua New Guinea
  71. Claoxylon oblanceolatum - Philippines
  72. Claoxylon oliganthum - Thailand
  73. Claoxylon ooumuense - Nuku Hiva
  74. Claoxylon papuae - Papua New Guinea
  75. Claoxylon parviflorum - Réunion, Rodrigues Island
  76. Claoxylon paucinerve - Papua New Guinea
  77. Claoxylon perrieri - Madagascar
  78. Claoxylon physocarpum - Sumatra
  79. Claoxylon platyphyllum - Papua New Guinea
  80. Claoxylon porphyrostemon - Papua New Guinea
  81. Claoxylon praetermissum - Sabah
  82. Claoxylon pseudoinsulanum - Kalimantan Timur
  83. Claoxylon psilogyne - Vanuatu
  84. Claoxylon pubescens - Philippines
  85. Claoxylon purpureum - Philippines, Sulawesi
  86. Claoxylon putii - Thailand
  87. Claoxylon racemiflorum - Réunion
  88. Claoxylon raymondianum - Madagascar
  89. Claoxylon rostratum - Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Myanmar
  90. Claoxylon rubescens - Lombok, Philippines
  91. Claoxylon rubrivenium - Luzon
  92. Claoxylon salicinum - Sabah
  93. Claoxylon salomonense - Papua New Guinea, D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Louisiade Archipelago, Solomon Islands
  94. Claoxylon samoense - Samoa
  95. Claoxylon sanctae-crucis - Santa Cruz Islands
  96. Claoxylon sandwicense - Hawaii
  97. Claoxylon sarasinorum - Sulawesi
  98. Claoxylon scabratum - New Guinea
  99. Claoxylon setosum - Réunion
  100. Claoxylon spathulatum - Philippines
  101. Claoxylon stapfianum - Sarawak, Sabah
  102. Claoxylon subbullatum - Sabah
  103. Claoxylon subsessiliflorum - Vietnam, Yunnan
  104. Claoxylon subviride - Philippines
  105. Claoxylon taitense - Society Islands
  106. Claoxylon tenerifolium - Queensland
  107. Claoxylon tenuiflorum - Aceh
  108. Claoxylon tetracoccum - West New Guinea
  109. Claoxylon tsaratananae - Madagascar
  110. Claoxylon velutinum - Kalimantan Timur
  111. Claoxylon vitiense - Fiji
  112. Claoxylon wallichianum - Peninsular Malaysia
  113. Claoxylon warburgianum - Sulawesi
  114. Claoxylon winkleri - Kalimantan Selatan
Formerly included[1]

moved to other genera (Acalypha, Croton, Discoclaoxylon, Erythrococca, Lobanilia, Macaranga, Mallotus, Micrococca, Orfilea)

  1. C. africanum - Erythrococca africana
  2. C. angolense - Erythrococca angolense
  3. C. atrovirens - Erythrococca atrovirens
  4. C. bakerianum - Lobanilia bakeriana
  5. C. barteri - Erythrococca africana
  6. C. beddomei - Micrococca beddomei
  7. C. capense - Micrococca capensis
  8. C. chevalieri - Erythrococca chevalieri
  9. C. columnare - Erythrococca columnaris
  10. C. cordifolium - Mallotus oppositifolius
  11. C. deflersii - Erythrococca abyssinica
  12. C. dewevrei - Erythrococca dewevrei
  13. C. digynum - Macaranga digyna
  14. C. flaccidum - Erythrococca atrovirens
  15. C. hexandrum - Discoclaoxylon hexandrum
  16. C. hirsutum - Micrococca wightii var. hirsuta
  17. C. hirtellum - Lobanilia hirtella
  18. C. hispidum - Erythrococca hispida
  19. C. holstii - Micrococca holstii
  20. C. humblotianum - Micrococca humblotiana
  21. C. inaequilaterum - Erythrococca atrovirens
  22. C. kirkii - Erythrococca kirkii
  23. C. lancifolium - Micrococca lancifolia
  24. C. lasiococcum - Erythrococca trichogyne
  25. C. leucocarpum - Mallotus leucocarpus
  26. C. longifolium Baill. 1858, illegitimate homonym, not (Blume) Endl. ex Hassk. 1844 - Micrococca oligandra
  27. C. luteobrunneum - Lobanilia luteobrunnea
  28. C. macrophyllum Prain 1911, illegitimate homonym, not Hassk. 1848 - Erythrococca macrophylla
  29. C. mannii - Erythrococca mannii
  30. C. membranaceum - Erythrococca membranacea
  31. C. menyharthii - Erythrococca menyharthii
  32. C. mercurialis - Micrococca mercurialis
  33. C. mildbraedii - Erythrococca trichogyne
  34. C. molleri - Erythrococca molleri
  35. C. muricatum - Mallotus resinosus
  36. C. neraudianum - Orfilea neraudiana
  37. C. occidentale - Discoclaoxylon occidentale
  38. C. oleraceum - Erythrococca atrovirens
  39. C. oligandrum - Micrococca oligandra
  40. C. ovale - Lobanilia ovalis
  41. C. patulum - Erythrococca patula
  42. C. pauciflorum Müll.Arg. 1864 not Stapf 1894 - Erythrococca pauciflora
  43. C. pedicellare Müll.Arg. 1864 not Pax & K.Hoffm. 1914 - Discoclaoxylon pedicellare
  44. C. poggei - Erythrococca poggei
  45. C. polyandrum - Erythrococca polyandra
  46. C. preussii - Discoclaoxylon hexandrum
  47. C. purpurascens - Erythrococca molleri
  48. C. reticulatum - Acalypha filiformis
  49. C. rivulare - Erythrococca rivularis
  50. C. schweinfurthii - Erythrococca atrovirens
  51. C. sphaerocarpum - Croton sylvaticus
  52. C. spiciflorum - Acalypha spiciflora
  53. C. stipulosum - Mallotus dispar
  54. C. trichogyne - Erythrococca trichogyne
  55. C. triste - Erythrococca tristis
  56. C. virens - Erythrococca menyharthii
  57. C. volkensii - Micrococca volkensii
  58. C. welwitschianum - Erythrococca welwitschiana
  59. C. wightii - Micrococca wightii

References
  1. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. Jussieu, Adrien Henri Laurent de. 1824. De Euphorbiacearum Generibus Medicisque earumdem viribus tentamen, tabulis aeneis 18 illustratum 43, pl. 14, f. 43
  3. Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  4. Forster, P.I. (2007). A taxonomic revision of Claoxylon A.Juss. (Euphorbiaceae) in Australia. Austrobaileya 7: 451-472.
  • Kabouw, Patrick; Peter C. van Welzen; Pieter Baas; Bertie J. van Heuven (2008). "Styloid crystals in Claoxylon (Euphorbiaceae) and allies (Claoxylinae) with notes on leaf anatomy". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 156 (3): 445–457. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00757.x. Archived from the original on 2012-10-09.
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