City of Washington (ship)

City of Washington was an American merchant steamship that aided in rescuing the crew of USS Maine when it exploded in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, in 1898.

History
United States
Name:	City of Washington
Namesake:	Washington, D.C.
Owner:	Ward Line
Builder:	John Roach & Sons
Launched:	30 August 1877
Refit:	As a coal barge, 1911
Fate:	Wrecked off Key Largo, 10 July 1917
General characteristics
Tonnage:	2,600
Propulsion:	Compound steam engine, auxiliary sails
Sail plan:	Hermaphrodite brig

Construction and merchant service

Built at John Roach & Sons shipyard for Alexandre & Sons, City of Washington was a 2,600-ton iron ship both equipped with a compound surface condensing engine and rigged as a hermaphrodite brig. She was launched on August 30, 1877 in Chester, Pennsylvania. Later acquired by the New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Company, City of Washington was refitted in 1889 with a triple expansion steam engine. City of Washington operated under the Ward Line and was assigned to passenger and trade routes between New York City, Havana, and Mexican gulf ports such as Campeche and Progreso.

USS Maine and the Spanish–American War

A lifeboat from the City of Washington takes off survivors from the USS Maine)

On the night of February 15, 1898, City of Washington was moored in Havana harbor near USS Maine when Maine exploded in the incident that precipitated the Spanish–American War. City of Washington suffered minor damage in the explosion, but assisted in the rescue of Maine's crew by sending out lifeboats and providing her dining salon for use as a makeshift hospital. The efforts of City of Washington and the Spanish cruiser Alfonso XII resulted in the rescue of approximately 100 crew members from Maine.

Captain Frank Stevens and other crew members of City of Washington provided eyewitness testimony on the Maine disaster in Naval Court of Inquiry hearings which ended on March 21, 1898.[1] The Court of Inquiry concluded that Maine was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine. While the Court did not place responsibility for the explosion, media and popular opinion overwhelmingly attributed it to Spain's forces in Cuba. Shortly thereafter, Congress declared a state of War with Spain, effective April 20, 1898.

In April 1898, City of Washington was one of many civilian steamships chartered by the US Army Quartermaster Department for use as a transport ship for the invasion of Cuba. She was chartered as Transport #16 at the rate of USD $450 per day through September 1898.[2]

Return to merchant service

In late 1898, City of Washington returned to her prior civilian duties, ferrying passengers from New York to Cuba until 1908 when the ship was retired and laid up at Brooklyn, New York. In 1911 she was purchased by Luckenbach Steamship Company of New York. Her superstructure and machinery were removed, and she went into operation as a coal barge.

Wreck

On July 10, 1917, City of Washington and another barge, Seneca, were under tow by the tugboat Luckenbach 4 when all three vessels ran aground on a shallow reef near Key Largo in the Florida Keys.[3] The other two vessels were refloated on July 15, but City of Washington broke up immediately and was not recoverable.[4] Now a popular dive site, the City of Washington wreck has been designated part of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary's Shipwreck Trail.

References

1. THE REPORT OF THE NAVAL COURT OF INQUIRY UPON THE DESTRUCTION OF THE UNITED STATES BATTLE SHIP MAINE IN HAVANA HARBOR, FEBRUARY 15, 1898, TOGETHER WITH THE TESTIMONY TAKEN BEFORE THE COURT. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1898
2. Transports
3. Barnette, Michael C. "City of Washington". Association of Underwater Explorers. Archived from the original on 2008-06-06. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
4. Barnette, Michael C. (2003). Shipwrecks of the sunshine state: Florida's submerged history. Association of Underwater Explorers. ISBN 0-9743036-0-7.

Further reading

• Emmons, Frederick E. (1985). American Passenger Ships: The Ocean Lines and Liners, 1873-1983. Newark:University of Delaware Press. ISBN 0-87413-248-7
• Comprehensive report on the wreck of the City of Washington, Indiana University Underwater Science Program
• Florida Keys Shipwreck Trail