Cirrus Vision SF50

The Cirrus Vision SF50 (also known as the Vision Jet) is a single-engine very light jet designed and produced by Cirrus Aircraft of Duluth, Minnesota, United States.

Vision SF50
Role Very light jet
National origin United States
Manufacturer Cirrus Aircraft
First flight First prototype: 3 July 2008
Conforming prototype: 24 March 2014
First production: 5 May 2016
Status In production
Produced December 2016–present
Number built 200 delivered (July 2020)[1]
Program cost $150 million[2]
Unit cost
US$2.38-2.75 million (G2 model, 2019)[3]

After receiving deposits starting in 2006, Cirrus unveiled an aircraft mock-up on 28 June 2007 and a prototype on 26 June 2008. It made its maiden flight on 3 July 2008. Development slowed in 2009 due to lack of funding. In 2011 Cirrus was bought by CAIGA, a Chinese enterprise that funded the project a year later. The first conforming prototype subsequently flew on 24 March 2014, followed by two other prototypes that same year. The test flying program resulted in the US Federal Aviation Administration awarding a type certificate on 28 October 2016. Deliveries started on 19 December 2016.

Powered by a Williams FJ33 turbofan, the all-carbon fiber, low-wing, seven-seat Vision SF50 is pressurized, cruises at 300 kn (560 km/h) and has a range of over 1,200 nmi (2,200 km). For emergency use it has a whole-aircraft ballistic parachute system.

Reviews have compared its performance to high-performance single turboprop aircraft. In 2018 the Vision Jet was awarded the Collier Trophy for the "greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics in America" during the preceding year, being the first certified single-engine civilian jet.

Development
The SF50 was inspired by Cirrus' first model, the pusher propeller VK-30 kit aircraft[4][5]

Naming

From June 2006 to July 2008, the design was developed under the project name "The Jet".[6][7] Cirrus announced the marketing name of "Vision SJ50" on 9 July 2008.[8] In March 2009 the aircraft was re-designated as the "Vision SF50" and was officially certified as the "Model SF50" on 28 October 2016.[9] Since its market introduction in December 2016, it is commonly referred to as the "Vision Jet".[10][11]

Early development

The company began initial development on the jet in 2003 at an offsite Duluth, Minnesota location it called the "Moose Works”, a parody on Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Programs dubbed the "Skunk Works".[4][5]

The jet was announced by Cirrus in June 2006 at the Cirrus Owners and Pilots Association meeting.[12] At the October 2006 NBAA Convention, Cirrus detailed its single jet program to solicit US$100,000 deposits from potential customers, targeting a price below $1 million and a 2010 certification, for a 300 kn (560 km/h) cruise around 25,000 ft (7,600 m) with a Williams FJ33 and a whole-airplane parachute recovery system.[13] Cirrus described it as the "slowest, lowest, and cheapest jet available."[14]

Original Vision Jet mock-up, July 2007

In early 2007 the company gave deposit holders a drawing of the aircraft in the form of a jigsaw puzzle, one piece at a time. On 27 June 2007, the puzzle was completed and the aircraft mock-up was unveiled the following day.[15] Starting at this time it became described as a "personal jet".[16]

In September the L-3 SmartDeck avionics package was selected for the jet development.[17] On 27 December, Cirrus Design leased a 189,000 sq ft (17,600 m2) former Northwest Airlines hangar at Duluth International Airport in which to build the design.[18]

By 22 May 2008, the company had 400 refundable deposits of US$100,000.[7] The prototype was first shown publicly at the annual Cirrus Owners and Pilots Association Cirrus Migration on 26 June 2008.[19]

Initial flight tests

The Vision Jet was first flown on 3 July 2008 at the Duluth airport.[20][21][22] It was then flown at AirVenture Oshkosh later that month.[23]

By 3 December, the prototype had flown 120 hours, exploring the whole center of gravity envelope, testing engine in-flight shut-down and restart and aerodynamic stall characteristics.[24][25] The right side door was replaced by an emergency egress hatch to save weight on production aircraft. Based on test flights and computer models, the aerodynamic design was modified to increase performance and improve the engine thrust angle. The production aircraft was planned to have a more pointed nose, larger belly section, redesigned wing-root fairing, reduced tail sweep and a larger or dual ventral fin.[24]

The aircraft's payload was planned to be 1,200 or 400 lb (540 or 180 kg) with full fuel, based on owners often flying long trips solo.[24] Range was targeted for 1,100 nmi (2,037 km) and maximum cruise speed for 300 kn (556 km/h).[24] An FAA type certificate was to be applied for by mid-December 2008, but EASA certification was postponed due to the higher fees involved.[24][26] It was decided by the company that pilot training would be required in the aircraft type certificate, like the Eclipse 500.[24] However, this was not written into the final type certificate.[9] The aircraft's base price was US$1 million in 2008[24] and its equipped price was anticipated to be US$1.25 million for 2011 deliveries.[26]

An early concept mock-up of the flightdeck

On 31 March 2009, Cirrus confirmed that the Garmin G1000 avionics had been selected for the SF50 production aircraft.[27] In mid June 2009, L-3 Communications sued Cirrus for US$18M over the cancellation of its previously selected avionics.[28]

Financing difficulties

In 2009, during the height of the Great Recession, progress on the project slowed significantly. By the end of June, Cirrus co-founder and former CEO Alan Klapmeier proposed buying the project from the company and its major shareholder Arcapita, to speed up its development and produce it under a new company, which would be advised by Merrill Lynch.[29][30][31]

On 26 July, Alan's brother and fellow Cirrus co-founder Dale Klapmeier came out in support of his efforts and said that Alan was the only person Cirrus would consider letting take over the jet program.[32] Cirrus stated that financing the project was necessary to complete certification and commence production, either at Cirrus or with Alan Klapmeier.[33] However, on 31 July, Alan Klapmeier announced that the offer did not meet Arcapita's or Cirrus’ expectations.[34][35] In August, Alan Klapmeier left the company.[36]

By July 2009, 200 hours of flight tests had been completed and the resulting design changes had been incorporated, including an X tail, simpler and lighter flaps and handling changes to induce a pitch up and not down, when applying thrust. Although some deposits had been refunded, Cirrus had 400 orders and anticipated first deliveries in 2012, subject to capital funding.[33] On 2 September, Cirrus announced its price: US$1.39M for deposit holders, equipped similar to a Cirrus SR22 GTS, US$1.55M with a US$100,000 deposit before the end of the year, and US$1.72M after that, with a US$50,000 deposit.[37][38] In November 2009, development slowed again due to the lack of capital following the test flights, delaying deliveries to 2012.[39] Cirrus’ leased space in the ex-Northwest hangar in Duluth closed around this time, due to shrinking sales.[40]

SF50 prototype inflight, May 2010

By January 2010, the prototype had accumulated 236 hours, while the certification and delivery timeline was reliant on cash flow, as 428 orders were backlogged and growing by one or two per week.[41] By early June, the then US$1.72M jet had 431 orders, with deposits becoming non-refundable at the beginning of that year. A conforming prototype was expected to be completed by the end of 2010 and fly by the end of 2011, targeting a mid-2013 certification date, while developing the "high-risk" full-aircraft parachute system.[42]

CAIGA investment

In April 2012, Cirrus's new owner CAIGA invested enough in the project to secure its development, previously estimated at $150 million.[2] By July 2012, the prototype had flown 600 hours in almost 600 flights and the company was ready to build the composite construction tooling required for a conforming prototype, expected to fly in late 2013 for type certification testing.[43]

By February 2013 the company was hiring staff to produce the aircraft, now priced at US$1.96M.[44] In April, the new prototype roll-out date was announced for 2013.[45] Certification flight testing was scheduled to start in 2014.[46] In October 2013, three test aircraft were under construction, the first deliveries were scheduled for 2015 and the order book now held 500 deposits.[47] By then the first conforming aircraft was to fly in early 2014.[48]

Final flight tests

By February 2014, 800 hours of test flying had been completed.[49] On 24 March 2014, the first conforming prototype flew.[50] The prototype was displayed at the Oshkosh Airshow that summer.[51] Pre-orders of the $1.96 million jet then numbered 550 and Cirrus intended to produce up to 125 aircraft per year.[52][53] The second conforming test aircraft flew in November 2014.[54] The third and final conforming test aircraft made its first flight on 20 December 2014.[55]

In February 2015 the city of Duluth, Minnesota committed US$6M and had asked the state of Minnesota to contribute US$4M to build a US$10M factory that would be leased to Cirrus to produce the jet, to avoid the company moving the manufacturing operation elsewhere.[56] In April 2015, confident the certification would be on schedule and no modifications needed, Cirrus started production of the first of its 550 orders for the design.[57] In September, the Cirrus Perspective Touch glass cockpit by Garmin was finalized, featuring one primary flight display and one multi-function display, with three smaller touchscreen controllers located underneath.[58]

First production Vision SF50, displayed at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh in 2016

By January 2016, certification had been delayed from 2015 to the first half of 2016 due to inflight ballistic parachute testing.[59] In March, it was announced that in-flight parachute deployment tests were not required by the Federal Aviation Administration for certification.[60]

On 5 May 2016, the first production aircraft flew and certification was then forecast for June.[61] The Williams FJ33-5A engine was approved by the FAA on 6 June 2016.[62] Certification was then planned for the end of the same month.[63] By July, the SF50 had over 600 orders, the four flight test aircraft had flown more than 1,700 hours and certification had been delayed to the fourth quarter of the year.[64]

On 28 October, after a ten-year development process marked with myriad technical and financial challenges, the SF50 earned its type certificate from the FAA.[65] The design became the first civilian, single-engine jet to be type certified.[66]

Production

The first customer Vision SF50 was delivered on 19 December 2016, against 600 outstanding orders.[67] The first customer delivery ceremony was held in the new $16 million, 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m2) finishing center in Duluth, where Cirrus employs more than 750 people.[68]

By April 2017, Cirrus planned to deliver 25 to 50 aircraft that year and 75 to 125 in 2018.[69] A production certificate was awarded on 2 May, to produce more with no individual inspections.[70] As 15% of its orders are intended for the European market, Cirrus received EASA certification at the May 2017 EBACE.[71] A video of the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System (CAPS) being tested inflight with a piloted SF50 prototype was published by Business Insider in May 2017.[72] By July 2017, seven customer aircraft had been delivered and one per week were being produced.[73]

On 19 December 2018, Dale Klapmeier announced that he would leave his position as CEO of the company in the first half of 2019.[74] By the end of 2018, 88 aircraft had been delivered, including 63 that year, while 540 orders were backlogged.[75] The Vision SF50 was the most-delivered business jet in 2018[76] and 2019.[77] Cirrus increased production to over 80 aircraft in 2019 and plans to produce 100 in 2020.[75][78] By October 2019, the US market represented 85% of deliveries, but that was predicted to drop to 75% in 2020, as the number of international deliveries continues to grow.[79]

By 23 July 2020, 211 aircraft were on the US Federal Aviation Administration registry.[80]

Starting in 2020, Cirrus will offer an optional emergency autoland system by Garmin, which initiates at the push of a button. Built into the G3000 integrated avionics for the new G2 model, the system will be a first in general aviation, along with the Piper M600.[81] Cirrus calls the technology "Safe Return".[82] Offered for $170,000 including extra equipment, it allows landing on runways over 5,836 ft (1,779 m).[83]

Design
Cirrus Vision SF50 with cabin door open, at the European Business Aviation Convention in 2019
Rear view of the aircraft's V-tail
Interior showing cabin seating

The Vision SF50 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by a single Williams FJ33-4A-19 turbofan, producing 1,900 lbf (8,500 N), mounted above the rear fuselage. It has a V-tail and retractable tricycle landing gear. The design is made entirely of composite material, a first for a production jet. The enclosed cabin is 5.1 ft (1.56 m) wide and 4.1 ft (1.24 m) high. It can seat up to seven occupants.[9] The cockpit, second and third rows each seats two and an extra seat slides between the second and third row, but the third row is only large enough to accommodate children.[84] It has a 300 kn (560 km/h) cruise speed.

Access to the cabin is through a clamshell door on the left hand side of the fuselage.[85] The SF50 is designed for a life limit of 12,000 flight hours.[86] This is not a type certification limit.[9] The SF50 is the first jet to come with a whole-aircraft ballistic parachute,[66] the company's CAPS, deploying from the aircraft's nose.[65][87]

The SF50 is intended to be a step-up aircraft for pilots who have flown the Cirrus SR20, SR22 and other high-performance light aircraft,[87] and was developed initially for personal use and not for the corporate or air taxi industries.[24] However, by 2019, the jet was FAR part 135 approved for air taxi operators.[88]

Early versions were certified for 28,000 ft (8,534 m) and later ones to 31,000 ft (9,449 m). The design has urethane deicing boot and an optional lavatory, a single-piece carbon shell will contain cabin pressurization and it should fit in a usual US 40 ft (12 m) Tee hangar.[9][41]

The wing spar is made of pure pre-preg carbon fiber plies, cured in a high-pressure, high-temperature autoclave, while most of the other major airframe parts are made of low-pressure, low-temperature cured carbon fiber sandwich construction, around a honeycomb core, including hand layup of outer pre-preg carbon fiber plies. High-strength metal alloys are used for the landing gear and other concentrated stress areas, while the primary flight control surfaces and wing flaps are aluminum, with mechanical flight controls. The stall speed at MTOW with landing gear and flaps down is 67 kn (124 km/h) IAS, while the Vso is 64 kn (119 km/h) IAS at the 5,550 lb (2,520 kg) max landing weight, with Vref at 83 kn (154 km/h) IAS or lower, similar to an SR22. The aircraft has a 14.7:1 glide ratio, allowing it to glide 75 nmi (139 km) from its FL 310 ceiling to sea level.[89]

Reviews

AVweb describes the Vision Jet as both a great airplane and a significant one by how well "the design resonates with the intended buyer". At FL270 and ISA +15 °C it cruises at 270 kn (500 km/h) and consumes 57 US gal/h (216 l/h).[90] At the same FL270, ISA +15 °C, a review in Flightglobal reported a fuel consumption of 59 US gal/h (223 l/h) at Mach 0.46, 287 kn (532 km/h) and 45 US gal/h (170 l/h) at Mach 0.38 and a 235 kn (435 km/h) long-range cruise speed.[91]

Aviation Week & Space Technology notes Cirrus has succeeded in producing the “lowest, slowest and least expensive” jet and noted that high-lift airfoils emphasize low-speed performance over top-end speed with a turboprop-like VMO of 250 kn (463 km/h) IAS or a 0.53 MMO and a FL280 ceiling. This review reported a 68 US gal (257 l)/h - 456 lb (207 kg)/h fuel burn at its 307 kn (569 km/h) TAS maximum cruise speed (at 5,575 lb (2,529 kg), FL280, ISA+6 °C) and 49 US gal (185 l)/h fuel burn at 270 kn (500 km/h). Like an early 1970s Citation 500, aerodynamic drag limits it to VMO in a 300–500 ft/min (1.5–2.5 m/s) descents, for which it is held at max continuous thrust, unlike most current jets.[92] The publication also states that the large wraparound windshields and sloping nose provide excellent forward visibility and a spacious cabin, although the engine noise is quite prominent, requiring active noise-cancelling headphones for all occupants. Approach speeds are reported to be comparable to the single-engine turboprops, but cruise and range are below some of them. The FJ33's FADEC lessens pilot workload, but changing thrust produces considerable pitch coupling, due to the engine's location.[92]

Aviation International News reported a 60 US gal (227 l)/h fuel burn at 293 kn (543 km/h) TAS (FL280, ISA +12 °C). The author reported that it can carry two people and baggage over 1,000 or 1,200 nmi (1,900 or 2,200 km) at 300 or 240 kn (560 or 440 km/h) TAS (NBAA IFR range). Upgrading from a single-engine piston aircraft meant either a piston twin, like the Beechcraft Baron or Piper Seneca; a Piper Meridian, SOCATA TBM or Pilatus PC-12 high-performance single-engine turboprops; or a very light jet. The $2.3 million typically-equipped SF50 benefits from its operating simplicity and roomy cabin compared to the $2.25 million Piper M500/M600, the fast TBMs and, as of December 2017, the soon-to-be-certified Epic E1000, or the nearly $5 million, larger capacity aircraft, such as the Pilatus PC-12 or Cessna Denali.[93]

Awards

In April 2018, the design was named the 2017 winner of the Robert J. Collier Trophy for the "greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics in America" in the past year. The trophy was awarded for "designing, certifying, and entering-into-service the Vision Jet — the world's first single-engine general aviation personal jet aircraft with a whole airframe parachute system".[94] Other accolades received by the aircraft include: the Flying Editors' Choice Award 2017,[95] de:Fliegermagazin Best Plane of the Year 2017,[96] Plane & Pilot Plane of the Year 2017,[97] Popular Science 100 Greatest Innovations of 2017,[98] and Flying's Innovation Award 2018.[99]

Operational history

On April 16, 2019, Cirrus issued a mandatory Service Bulletin to replace the angle of attack (AOA) vane within five flight hours after three reported incidents where stall warnings and stick shakers were activated by automated systems in normal flight. After similar problems led to the Boeing 737 MAX groundings, the FAA felt that this was serious enough to issue an Airworthiness Directive grounding the entire SF50 fleet on April 18.[100] Unlike the 737 MAX, the electronic stability control system in the Vision Jet could be overridden with pilot inputs, and all three reported incidents resulted in safe landings. On April 22, Cirrus was shipping new corrected AOA hardware sensors to operators for replacement.[101]

The screws securing the potentiometer shaft to the AoA vane shaft were not properly torqued, and by May 2019, the fleet of over 100 had been returned to service.[102]

Cirrus again issued a mandatory service bulletin on 7 February 2020 and the FAA grounded all SF50 jets on 14 February, after a cabin fire occurred on the ramp of Santa Monica Airport on 27 December 2019. Cirrus determined that the fire's probable cause came from one of the plane's 12 audio amplifier circuit cards overheating. No injuries were reported and the issue had already been addressed with 97% of the fleet of over 170 at the time of the grounding.[103]

Variants
G2 Vision Jet

On January 8, 2019, the improved G2 was announced, adding RVSM allowing a ceiling of 31,000 ft (9,400 m) and improving range to over 1,200 nmi (2,200 km), or allowing 150 lb (68 kg) more payload over 800 nmi (1,500 km).[104] It is fitted with an autothrottle, an updated flight deck and upgrades to the aircraft cabin. The cruise is increased from 304 to 311 kn (563 to 576 km/h) and its base price is raised to $2.38 million, reaching $2.75 million with options.[3]

The second generation production starts with serial number 94. Cabin pressurization is raised from 6.4 to 7.1 psi (0.44 to 0.49 bar) and improved insulation cuts cabin noise by 3 dB. At FL 310, ISA and 5,457 lb (2,475 kg), fuel flow is 60 US gal (230 L)/h at 309 kn (572 km/h) TAS.[89]

Operators

In July 2008, SATSair, an air taxi company that was 25% owned by Cirrus, ordered five Cirrus Vision SF50s, intending to add them to its fleet of Cirrus SR22 piston aircraft.[105][106] SATSair subsequently ceased operations on 24 October 2009, prior to taking delivery of any SF50s.[107]

Other air taxi operators have expressed an interest in potentially using the Vision SF50 and some industry experts have suggested that the jet could help revive the air taxi industry.[108][109]

Specifications (G1 model)

Data from Cirrus[11]

General characteristics

  • Crew: one
  • Capacity: six passengers
  • Length: 30 ft 11 in (9.42 m)
  • Wingspan: 38 ft 8 in (11.79 m)
  • Height: 10 ft 11 in (3.32 m)
  • Empty weight: 3,572 lb (1,620 kg)
  • Gross weight: 6,000 lb (2,722 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 2,000 pounds (910 kg)
  • Cabin Width×Height: 5.1×4.1 ft (1.56×1.24 m)
  • Max payload: 1,328 lb (602 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Williams FJ33-5A turbofan, 1,800 lbf (8.0 kN) thrust

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 300 kn (350 mph, 560 km/h) maximum cruise
  • Cruise speed: 240 kn (280 mph, 440 km/h) economical cruise[110]
  • Stall speed: 67 kn (77 mph, 124 km/h) with flaps
  • Range: 600 nmi (690 mi, 1,100 km) with 1,200 lb (544 kg) payload at max cruise to 1,200 nmi (2,222 km; 1,381 mi) with 200 lb (91 kg) payload at economical cruise[10]
  • Service ceiling: 28,000 ft (8,500 m)
  • Time to altitude: FL280 (28,000 feet (8,500 m)) in 20 min, burning 214 lb (97 kg) of fuel and covering 64 nmi (119 km; 74 mi)[110]
  • Fuel consumption: 462 lb (210 kg)/h at maximum cruise, 315 lb (143 kg)/h at economical cruise[110]
  • Takeoff: 621 metres (2,036 ft) roll, 973 metres (3,192 ft) over 15 m (50 ft) obstacle
  • Landing: 496 metres (1,628 ft) ground roll

Avionics

gollark: It's like amino acids; many combinations go to the same memory cell.
gollark: Oh, we just have 3891 of those.
gollark: It has an onboard O(n√n) prime factoriser engine to deal with this issue anyway.
gollark: I've only seen the top 500, I think. This is very interesting.
gollark: Plenty of things have non-power-of-two RAM and work.

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

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