China–Sweden relations

China–Sweden relations are the bilateral relations between China and Sweden. Sweden was the first Western country to establish official diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, on 9 May 1950.[1][2]

China–Sweden relations

China
Sweden
Chinese embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.

History

Sweden's and China's ties goes back to the 17th century.[3] Sweden traded with China and this was recorded by Nils Matsson Kiöping, who visited southern China on the Götheborg in 1654 and wrote accounts of his journeys to China upon his return to Sweden.[3] The Swedish East India Company traded with China from 1731 to 1813.

New research on 1913-1917 post-Qing relations claim that the head of the Swedish Geological Survey, Johan Gunnar Andersson's work was part of Sweden’s ‘extractive vision’ which dealt with aiding exploitative interests of Swedish industrial and foreign-policy actors by seeking to secure, for Sweden, a quasi-colonial presence in Republican China, centering on large-scale extraction of Chinese iron ore, profit-maximizing iron exports throughout the Pacific region and construction and operation of China’s largest steel mills and weapons factories[4].

20th century

Sweden was the first Western country to establish official diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, which took place on 9 May 1950.[1][2] For this occasion, chairman Mao Zedong decided to personally receive the Swedish ambassador, Torsten Hammarström, as he presented his letter of credentials,[5] which was quite unusual, and a sign that China attached great importance to this diplomatic breakthrough.[6] Sweden has always supported the People's Republic of China's claim to China's seat in the United Nations.[2]

2000s

A modern replica of the ship Götheborg was constructed and departed from Göteborg, Sweden, in 2005. The ship reached Shanghai, China, in 2006. The ship was welcomed in Shanghai by King Carl XVI and Queen Silvia of Sweden who made an official visit to China that year.[2] The vessel returned to Göteborg on 9 June 2007, and was welcomed by the president of China, Hu Jintao, who visited Sweden mainly for this reason, and by the King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia.

2010s

The year 2010 marked the 60th anniversary of Chinese-Swedish diplomatic relations.[7][8] The celebrations drew attention in China, as Sweden had been the first Western country to establish diplomatic relations with the country. This resulted in the creation of the Nordic Confucius Institute in Sweden to further promote and develop Sino-Swedish relationships.

The disappearance of five Hong Kong booksellers including notably the extrajudicial rendition of author–publisher Gui Minhai, a Swedish national, from his residence in Thailand in late 2015 would catalyse sharp deterioration in relations. The Chinese government had been silent about holding him in custody for three months, at which point a controversial video confession was broadcast on mainland media.[9] On 5 January 2016, the Minister for Foreign Affairs stated that they took a "serious view" on Gui's disappearance.[10]

On 2 September 2018, a Chinese tourist named Zeng caused a diplomatic incident because he had misbooked hostel accommodation. Zeng and his elderly parents arrived a day early. They were not allowed to sleep in the lobby overnight, and were forcibly ejected by police when they refused to leave. Zeng accused the Swedish police of having used excess violence. The Chinese Foreign Ministry responded with a security warning on travel to Sweden.[11]

In July 2019, British UN Ambassador Karen Pierce delivered a joint international statement on Xinjiang at the United Nations General Assembly’s Third Committee on behalf of 23 countries, including Sweden. The countries said they shared concerns raised by the United Nations International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination regarding “credible reports of mass detention; efforts to restrict cultural and religious practices; mass surveillance disproportionately targeting ethnic Uyghurs; and other human rights violations and abuses.” They called on China to comply with its national and international obligations to respect human rights, including freedom of religion, and allow UN human rights monitors access to detention centers.[12]

Continued conflict over Gui Minhai

In November 2019, Chinese ambassador Gui Congyou threatened Sweden saying that "We treat our friends with fine wine, but for our enemies we use shotguns." over the decision by Swedish PEN to award Gui Minhai the Tucholsky Prize. All eight major Swedish political parties condemned the ambassador's threats. On 4 December, after the prize had been awarded, Ambassador Gui said that one could not both harm China's interests and benefit economically from China; when asked to clarify his remarks he said that China would impose trade restrictions on Sweden. These remarks were backed up by the Chinese Foreign Ministry in Beijing.[13]

The Swedish Ambassador to China, Anna Lindstedt, was recalled for arranging a meeting between the daughter of Gui Minhai and two businessmen representing Beijing without the approval or knowledge of the Swedish Foreign Ministry and indicted for unauthorised contacts with a foreign power.[14]

2020s
See also: Criticism of Confucius Institutes

In January 2020, the Chinese Embassy announced that they would be denying Chinese visas to reporters who criticise China or, as they put it, damage the relationship between China and Sweden. The Ambassador called Sweden's press "lightweight" and said they should not have picked a fight with China who is a "heavyweight" and will now retaliate.[15]

In February 2020, Sweden's foreign ministry summoned China's ambassador to demand the release of Gui Minhai, a day after he was sentenced to 10 years in jail on charges of illegally providing intelligence to foreigners.[16]

In 2020, amid the straining of the relations between both countries, Sweden shut down the last of the Confucius teaching programmes in the country.[17] Cities such as Gothenburg, Linköping, Luleå and Västerås have terminated long-standing twinning or partnership agreements with Chinese cities – Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xian and Jinan respectively.[18][19]

In June 2020, Sweden openly opposed the Hong Kong national security law.[20][21]

Trade relations

In 2006, the trade value between the two countries added up to $6.73 billion. As of 2016 Sweden had become China's ninth-largest trading partner in the European Union and China had been Sweden's largest trade partner in Asia for four consecutive years.[2]

Public opinion

Survey published in 2019 by the Pew Research Center found that 70% of Swedes had an unfavourable view of China.[22]

gollark: It would make the build process so mildly irritating.
gollark: Do I *really* have to make some kind of automated potatOS obfuscator?
gollark: You should make it allow URLs like `https://your-site.com/username/paste-name` instead of always random IDs, for easier-to-remember URLs.
gollark: Yes.
gollark: Ridiculous. It couldn't detect malware automatically, and in any case flagging potatOS as it would be completely wrong.

See also

References
  1. "60th anniversary of China-Sweden diplomatic relations celebrated". China Daily. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  2. "China-Sweden relations continue to strengthen". China Daily. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  3. "China-Sweden relations beyond 60 years – People's Daily Online". People's Daily. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  4. Per Högselius & Yunwei Song (2 August 2020). "Extractive visions: Sweden's quest for China's natural resources, 1913–1917". Scandinavian Economic History Review – via Taylor & Francis Group.
  5. "H.M. Konungens tal vid Innovation Forum fredagen den 21 maj 2010" [H.M. King's speech at the Innovation Forum on Friday, 21 May 2010]. Kungahuset.se. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  6. "60 years of friendship". Dragon News: Member Magazine for the Swedish Chambers of Commerce in Hong Kong and China. Beijing: Swedish Chamber of Commerce (2): 12. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  8. "Swedish PM Hails 60 Years of Establishment of China-Sweden Diplomatic Relations". Se.china-embassy.org. 9 May 1950. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  9. Makinen, Julie; Kaiman, Jonathan (20 January 2016). "Mystery deepens as two missing Hong Kong men surface in mainland China". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016.
  10. Siu, Phila (5 January 2016). "Sweden's foreign ministry takes 'serious view' over disappearance of publisher and naturalised citizen while in Thailand". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  11. Wang, Xueying. "China accuses Sweden of violating human rights over treatment of tourists". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  12. "Countries Blast China at UN Over Xinjiang Abuses". Human Rights Watch. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  13. Olsson, Jojje. "China Tries to Put Sweden on Ice". The Diplomat. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  14. Press, Associated. "Former Swedish ambassador to China indicted over meetings to discuss Hong Kong bookseller". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  15. Cheng, Ching-Tse. "Chinese envoy threatens and mocks Swedish media as 'lightweight'". Taiwan News. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  16. Johan Ahlander (25 February 2020), Sweden summons Chinese ambassador to demand release of Gui Minhai Reuters.
  17. Moody, Oliver (21 April 2020). "Swedes axe China-backed Confucius school scheme as relations sour". The Times.
  18. "Gothenburg axes twin city agreement with Shanghai as Sweden closes all Confucius Institutes". hongkongfp.com. Hong Kong Free Press. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  19. Everington, Keoni. "Gothenburg cuts sister-city ties with Shanghai as Sweden cans Confucius Institutes". www.taiwannews.com.tw. Taiwan News. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  20. "World reacts to China's national security law for Hong Kong". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  21. "Sweden-China ties grow ever icier over Hong Kong and coronavirus". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  22. "People around the globe are divided in their opinions of China". Pew Research Center. 30 September 2019.
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