Carol Moseley Braun

Carol Elizabeth Moseley Braun, also sometimes Moseley-Braun[1] (born August 16, 1947), is an American diplomat, politician, and lawyer who represented Illinois in the United States Senate from 1993 to 1999. She is the first African-American female elected to the U.S. Senate in American history, the first African-American U.S. Senator from the Democratic Party, the first woman to defeat an incumbent U.S. Senator in an election, and the first female U.S. Senator from Illinois.

Carol Moseley Braun
United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa
In office
December 15, 1999 – March 1, 2001
PresidentBill Clinton
George W. Bush
Preceded byJoe Beeman
Succeeded byCharles Swindells
United States senator
from Illinois
In office
January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1999
Preceded byAlan Dixon
Succeeded byPeter Fitzgerald
Recorder of Deeds of Cook County
In office
December 1, 1988 – December 1, 1992
Preceded byHarry "Bus" Yourell
Succeeded byJesse White
Member of the Illinois House of Representatives
from the 25th district
In office
January 12, 1983 – December 1, 1988
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byDonne Trotter
Member of the Illinois House of Representatives
from the 24th district
In office
January 5, 1979 – January 12, 1983
Preceded byRobert Mann
Succeeded byConstituency abolished
Personal details
Born
Carol Elizabeth Moseley

(1947-08-16) August 16, 1947
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse(s)
Michael Braun
​
(
m. 1973; div. 1986)
Children1
EducationUniversity of Illinois, Chicago (BA)
University of Chicago (JD)

Prior to her Senate tenure, Moseley Braun was a member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1979 to 1988 and served as recorder of deeds of Cook County from 1988 to 1992. She was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1992 after defeating Senator Alan Dixon in a Democratic primary. Moseley Braun served one term in the Senate and was defeated by Republican Peter Fitzgerald in 1998.

Following her Senate tenure, Moseley Braun served as the United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa from 1999 to 2001. She was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2004 U.S. presidential election; she withdrew from the race prior to the Iowa caucuses. In November 2010, following an announcement by Richard M. Daley that he would not seek re-election, Moseley Braun began a campaign for Mayor of Chicago. She placed fourth in a field of six candidates, losing the February 2011 election to Rahm Emanuel.

Early life, education, family, and early career

Carol Elizabeth Moseley was born in Chicago, Illinois. She attended public and parochial schools. She attended Ruggles School for elementary school, and she attended Parker High School (now the site of Paul Robeson High School) in Chicago.[2][3] Her father, Joseph J. Moseley, was a Chicago police officer and jail guard and her mother, Edna A. (Davie), was a medical technician in a hospital. Both her parents were Catholic.[4][5] The family lived in a segregated middle-class neighborhood in the South Side of Chicago. Her parents divorced when she was in her teens, and she lived with her grandmother.[6]

Moseley began her undergraduate studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, but dropped out after four months.[3] She then majored in political science at the University of Illinois at Chicago,[7] graduating in 1969. Moseley earned a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Chicago Law School in 1972.

In 1973, Moseley married Michael Braun, whom she had met in law school.[4] The couple had one son, Matthew, in 1977. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1986.[8]

Moseley Braun was a prosecutor in the United States Attorney's office in Chicago from 1973 to 1977. An Assistant United States Attorney, she worked primarily in the civil and appellate law areas. Her work in housing, health policy, and environmental law won her the Attorney General's Special Achievement Award.[9]

Early political career

Moseley Braun was first elected to public office in 1978, when she was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives. She became the first African-American woman to serve as assistant majority leader in that body.[10] As a state representative, she became recognized as a champion for liberal social causes.[8] As early as 1984, she proposed a moratorium on the application in Illinois of the death penalty. In what became a landmark reapportionment case, Crosby v. State Board of Elections, she successfully sued her own party and the state of Illinois on behalf of African-American and Hispanic citizens. When she left the state legislature, her colleagues recognized her in a resolution as "the conscience of the House."[11] In 1988, she was elected Cook County, Illinois Recorder of Deeds, a post she held for four years.[12][10]

U.S. Senator from Illinois

Elections
U.S. Senator Moseley Braun

In 1992, angered by incumbent Democratic senator Alan Dixon's vote to confirm Clarence Thomas, Moseley Braun challenged Dixon in the primary election for U.S. Senate. She was backed by the political coalition from the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago that had previously backed the campaigns of Harold Washington and Jesse Jackson.[13] Democratic candidate Albert Hofeld's campaign ran many anti-Dixon ads, and Moseley Braun won the Democratic primary.[14] On November 3, 1992, Moseley Braun became the first African-American woman to be elected to the United States Senate,[10] defeating Republican Richard S. Williamson.[15] Her election marked the first time Illinois had elected a woman to the U.S. Senate and the first time an African American was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate.[16]

Moseley Braun was a one-term Senator, losing to Republican Peter Fitzgerald in her re-election bid in 1998.[17]

Female Senators of the Democratic Party, 1993. Top Row (L-R): Sen. Patty Murray (D-WA), Sen. Barbara Mikulski (D-MD), Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-CA) Bottom Row: Sen. Carol Moseley Braun (D-IL), Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA)

Tenure

Moseley Braun is the first African-American woman to serve in the U.S. Senate.[18][19] Along with Republican Edward Brooke, she was one of two African Americans to serve in the Senate in the 20th century.[20] Moseley Braun was the sole African American in the Senate during her tenure.[19] She was also the first woman to serve on the Senate Finance Committee.[21]

Despite her reputation as a liberal Democrat, Moseley Braun possessed something of a centrist record on economic issues. She voted for the 1993 budget package and against the welfare reform laws passed in 1996, but on many other matters she was more conservative. Moseley Braun voted in favor of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and lawsuit reform measures like the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (she was also among the minority of Democrats to support the even more controversial Common Sense Product Liability and Legal Reform Act of 1995). She also voted contrary to the interests of the more populist wing of the party by voting for the Freedom to Farm Act and the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Like her Illinois colleague, fellow Democrat Paul Simon, she voted in favor of a Balanced Budget Amendment to the United States Constitution. Moseley Braun also voted to place a nuclear spent fuel storage facility in Nevada; this move was strongly opposed by many Democrats, especially Majority Leader Harry Reid.

On social issues, however, Moseley Braun was significantly more liberal than many of her fellow senators. She was strongly pro-choice, voting against the ban on partial-birth abortions and the restrictions on funding in military bases for abortions. She also voted against the death penalty and in favor of gun control measures. Moseley Braun was one of only sixteen senators to vote against the Communications Decency Act and one of only fourteen to vote against the Defense of Marriage Act. She delivered a eulogy for Thurgood Marshall on January 26, 1993.

Moseley Braun was the subject of a 1993 Federal Election Commission investigation over $249,000 in unaccounted-for campaign funds. The agency found some small violations, but took no action against Moseley Braun, citing a lack of resources. Moseley Braun only admitted to bookkeeping errors. The Justice Department turned down two requests for investigations from the IRS.[22]

Women were not allowed to wear pants on the U.S. Senate floor until 1993.[23][24] In 1993, Senators Moseley Braun and Barbara Mikulski wore pants onto the floor in defiance of the rule. Soon after, female support staff followed their example. Later that year, the rule was amended by Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Martha Pope to allow women to wear pants on the floor so long as they also wore jackets.[23][24]

In 1993, Moseley Braun made headlines when she convinced the Senate Judiciary Committee not to renew a design patent for the United Daughters of the Confederacy because it contained the Confederate flag. The patent had been routinely renewed for nearly a century, and despite the Judiciary Committee's disapproval, the Senate was poised to pass a resolution sponsored by Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina that included a provision to authorize the extension of the federal patent. Moseley Braun threatened to filibuster the legislation "until this room freezes over." She also made a plea to her colleagues about the symbolism of the Confederate flag, declaring, "It has no place in our modern times, place in this body, place in our society".[25] Swayed by Moseley Braun's argument, the Senate rejected the UDC's application to renew its patent.[26][27]

In 1996, Moseley Braun made a private trip to Nigeria, where she met with dictator Sani Abacha. Despite U.S. sanctions against that country due to Abacha's actions, the Senator neither notified nor registered her trip with the State Department. She subsequently defended Abacha's human rights record in Congress.[28] Her former fiancé Kgosie Matthews, who also served on her campaign staff in violation of U.S. immigration regulations[29], had been a lobbyist for the Nigerian government; Matthews would later leave the country. She paid Matthews, a native of South Africa, a salary of $15,000 a month during the campaign.[30]

In 1998, after George Will wrote a column reviewing the allegations of corruption against her,[31] Moseley Braun responded to Will's comments, saying that "I think because he couldn't say nigger, he said corrupt".[32] She also compared Will to a Ku Klux Klansman, saying: "I mean this very sincerely from the bottom of my heart: He can take his hood and put it back on again, as far as I'm concerned".[33] Later, Moseley Braun apologized for her remarks.[32]

U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa

On October 8, 1999,[34] President Clinton nominated Moseley Braun to be the United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa. Although her nomination ran into token opposition from her old adversary, Jesse Helms, and from the senator who defeated her, Peter Fitzgerald, the Senate confirmed her on November 10, 1999 in a 96–2 vote.[35][36][37] She served in that capacity until 2001.[38]

Other political involvement

2004 presidential campaign
Braun campaigning in Iowa

Moseley Braun announced her intention to run for the Democratic Party presidential nomination in February 2003. On January 15, 2004, two days after a disappointing third place showing in the D.C. primary[39] and four days before the Iowa caucuses, Moseley Braun dropped out of the race and endorsed Howard Dean.[40]

2011 campaign for Mayor of Chicago
Sign for Moseley Braun's mayoral campaign

In November 2010, after Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley announced that he would not seek re-election, Moseley Braun announced she would run for mayor of Chicago in 2011.[41] In early 2011, two potentially strong African-American candidates--U.S. Rep. Danny Davis and State Sen. James Meeks--left the race and endorsed Moseley Braun, making her the so-called consensus Black candidate.[42][43][44][45] This came after a discussions between Mosely Braun and the other two candidates where it was decided that Moseley Braun, with her profile as a former US Senator, ambassador, and presidential candidate, would be the strongest of the three candidates.[45] These discussions had occurred with the involvement of Chicago African American figures such Jesse Jackson and Walter Burnett Jr.[45][46][47]

On paper, Moseley Braun appeared likely to be a formidable contender for the mayoralty.[45] However, a horribly run campaign and an image damaged by scandals and blunders would relegate her to a relatively paltry finish.[45][48]

Moseley Braun had several difficulties with her candidacy, including a lack of funding.[45][48] She raised approximately $705,000, while Rahm Emanuel raised over $15 million.[45] While referred to as the "consensus" African American candidate, she was not receiving much financial backing or from African American politicians and community leaders, many of whom instead backed Rahm Emanuel.[45] Only a few of the city's African-American business leaders (including Elzie Higginbottom and John W. Rogers Jr.) contributed to her campaign.[48] She also received $25,000 from congressman Bobby Rush.[47] With a lack of funds, Moseley Braun only was able to air a single television ad, which she ran late in the campaign.[45]

African American politicians and community leaders also did not provide non-financial assistance Moseley Brown's campaign effort.[45] Moseley Braun's campaign also received no support from trade unions.[45]

There was internal conflict within Moseley Braun's campaign organization.[48]

Mosely Braun encountered criticism for accepting donations from individuals who had already donated the $5,000 maximum (which was instituted January 1, 2011 when the Illinois Campaign Disclosure Act went into effect)[45]

Mosely Braun suffered from a poorly run campaign.[45] Her campaign was plagued by gaffes, including missed interviews and an inability to give a sufficient explanation for her past financial problems.[45] However, the most serious debacle came in a debate on January 30, 2011, when Moseley Braun accused another candidate, Patricia Van-Pelt Watkins, of "being strung out on crack" for 20 years.[45][49] Van-Pelt Watkins had once been addicted to cocaine, but had been clean for 30 years.[48] This attack on Van-Pelt Watkins backfired and was detrimental to Moseley Braun's own candidacy.[48] Braun's campaign, which had never gained much traction, began to bleed what support it had after she made this attack, with many former supporters fleeing to support Emanuel instead.[45]

Moseley Braun opposed an elected school board.[45]

Moseley Braun criticized frontrunner Rahm Emanuel's tax proposals, arguing that they would fail to assist poorer Chicagoans.[45] She also accused Emanuel of having numerous times voted against Congressional Black Caucus proposals that would have assisted lower-income families.[45]

As a candidate, Braun put an emphasis on her governmental experience and her ties to the city's Black community.[45]

On February 22, 2011, Moseley Braun came in fourth in the field of six, receiving about nine percent of the vote. In her concession speech, she remarked that her young niece could become the first female mayor of Chicago,[50] despite the fact that Jane Byrne had already served as Chicago's first female mayor.[51]

Endorsements of candidates

In the 2016 Democratic U.S. Senate primary in Maryland, Moseley Braun endorsed Donna Edwards.[52][53]

In the 2019 Chicago mayoral election runoff, Moseley Braun endorsed Toni Preckwinkle.[54]

In the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Moseley Braun endorsed Joe Biden.[55]

Work outside politics

In 2005, Moseley Braun founded an organic products company known as Good Food Organics. Good Food Organics is the parent company of Ambassador Organics.[10] As of 2019, the company was defunct.[16]

Moseley Braun became a visiting professor of political science at Northwestern University in November 2016.[10]

Personal life

Moseley Braun resides in Chicago's Hyde Park neighborhood.

In September 1998, Lauryn Kaye Valentine applied for permission to change her name to Carol Moseley Braun. Valentine cited the former senator as her hero and promised not to "dishonor [the] name". the change was made official. That December, however, Valentine put her name forward as a candidate for alderman of Chicago's 37th Ward.[56] Before the election, a Circuit Court judge rescinded the name change, forcing Valentine to revert to her original name.[57] Valentine was later ruled ineligible to run, as she was not a registered voter at the time because of her name changes.[58]

In April 2007, Braun suffered a broken wrist when a mugger emerged from bushes near her front door to steal her purse. Braun resisted and fell during the struggle, fracturing her left wrist. The mugger was chased off by a University of Chicago student while his girlfriend called 9-1-1. Braun was later treated at a hospital and released.[59] A suspect, Joseph Dixon, was later charged with the crime and was sentenced to 20 years in prison on July 11, 2008.[60]

Braun's financial problems made headlines in October 2012 when it was revealed that her home was in foreclosure and that she had not made any mortgage payments for over a year. Before she was evicted, she sold her house for approximately $200,000 less than the amount she still owed on her mortgage loan.[61]

Electoral history
Illinois U.S. Senate Election 1992 – Democratic Primary
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic Carol Moseley Braun 557,694 38.30
Democratic Alan Dixon (incumbent) 504,077 34.61
Democratic Albert Hofeld 394,497 27.09
Illinois U.S. Senate Election 1992
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic Carol Moseley Braun 2,631,229 53.27
Republican Richard Williamson 2,126,833 43.06
Illinois U.S. Senate Election 1998
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Republican Peter Fitzgerald 1,709,041 50.35
Democratic Carol Moseley Braun (incumbent) 1,610,496 47.44
Reform Don Torgersen 74,704 2.20
District of Columbia 2004 – Democratic Presidential Primary
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic Howard Dean 18,132 42.65
Democratic Al Sharpton 14,639 34.43
Democratic Carol Moseley Braun 4,924 11.58
Democratic Dennis Kucinich 3,481 8.19
Democratic Others 1,340 3.15
Chicago mayoral election, 2011[62] (General Election)
Party Candidate Votes %
Nonpartisan Rahm Emanuel 323,546 55
Nonpartisan Gery Chico 140,362 24
Nonpartisan Miguel del Valle 54,342 9
Nonpartisan Carol Moseley Braun 52,483 9
Nonpartisan Patricia Van Pelt Watkins 9,604 2
Nonpartisan William "Dock" Walls III 5,291 1
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gollark: Due to the SQLite API apifying beeoids, it is.

See also

References
  1. Marja Mills, "The Humble Hyphen", Chicago Times, March 14, 2003, explaining that Moseley Braun adopted the hyphenation on joining the Senate and dropped it 10 years later.
  2. Cook County Clerk website, "Carol Moseley Braun" Archived April 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 12, 2011
  3. Carol Moseley Braun, Illinois state representative. (November 16, 1980). Chicago Tribune (1963–Current file), p. f48. Retrieved January 13, 2011, from ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune (1849–1987) (Document ID: 619772962).
  4. Levinsohn, Florence Hamlish, "Carol Moseley Braun: She has the credentials. Can she get the votes?", Chicago Reader, March 5, 1992. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
  5. "Carol Moseley Braun, U.S. Senator". geni_family_tree.
  6. "Carol Mosely Braun." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 11. 2nd edn. Detroit: Gale, 2004, pp. 199-200. 23 vols.
  7. Ginny Tunnicliff, New Funds in the College. UIC College of Liberal Arts & Sciences website says she is an alumna. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  8. Nordgren, Sarah, "Carol Moseley Braun: the unique candidate". Associated Press, printed in the Gainesville Sun, August 9, 1992, p. 15D. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
  9. Simmonds, Yusef, "The Senators: Carol Moseley Braun". Los Angeles Sentinel, November 20, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2011
  10. Library, C. N. N. "Carol Moseley Braun Fast Facts". CNN.
  11. "Carol Moseley-braun". National Women's History Museum. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
  12. "Senate Candidate Battles the Odds in Illinois : Politics: Carol Moseley Braun is black. She's a woman. And she's short of cash. But her run for office, born of the Thomas hearings, looks like a winner". Los Angeles Times. August 2, 1992.
  13. Reid, Joy-Ann (September 8, 2015). Fracture: Barack Obama, the Clintons, and the Racial Divide (Amazon Kindle ed.). 1324: William Morrow. ASIN B00FJ3A98G.CS1 maint: location (link)
  14. "The Accidental Senator".
  15. "Richard Williamson, who lost Senate race to Carol Moseley Braun, dies". UPI.
  16. Ihejirika, Maudlyne (March 26, 2019). "Former Sen. Carol Moseley Braun on making history, watching it in the mayoral race". Chicago Sun-Times.
  17. report, Flynn McRoberts and Bob Kemper, Tribune Staff Writers Tribune staff writers Phat X. Chiem and Monica Davey contributed to this. "RYAN, FITZGERALD TRIUMPH; DEMOCRATS GAIN NATIONALLY". chicagotribune.com.
  18. "'Behind the Smile': the rise and fall of Carol Moseley Braun". The Seattle Times. February 7, 2016.
  19. writer, Ruth Tam closeRuth TamBioBioFollowFollowFreelance. "Carol Moseley Braun: 'Small wonder' there is not more diversity in Congress". Washington Post.
  20. "MOSELEY BRAUN, Carol | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  21. "Education & Resources - National Women's History Museum - NWHM". November 8, 2016. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  22. Slate, Is Carol Moseley-Braun [sic] a Crook?", February 19, 2003.
  23. Robin Givhan (January 21, 2004). "Moseley Braun: Lady in red". Articles.chicagotribune.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  24. Cooper, Kent (June 9, 2005). "The Long and Short of Capitol Style : Roll Call Special Features 50th Anniversary". Rollcall.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  25. John Clay Smith Jr., ed. (2000). "The Confederate Flag as Racist Symbolism". Rebels in Law: Voices in History of Black Women Lawyers. University of Michigan Press. pp. 150–156. ISBN 0-472-08646-4. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  26. "Black Americans in Congress – Carol Moseley Braun, Senator from Illinois". Baic.house.gov. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  27. Clymer, Adam (July 23, 1993). "Daughter of Slavery Hushes Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  28. NPR, "2004 Democratic Presidential Candidates: Carol Moseley Braun", May 6, 2003
  29. Siskind Susser Bland. "US SENATOR’S CAMPAIGN MANAGER FOUND TO BE WORKING ILLEGALLY Archived December 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." May 1998. Accessed February 16, 2010.
  30. Johnson, Dirk, "Illinois's new Senator under fire on issue of boyfriend's conduct", Chicago Tribune, December 31, 1992. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
  31. Will, George F. "Story of Chicagoan Carol Moseley-Braun Archived December 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." September 6, 1998.
  32. Associated Press, "Moseley-Braun Lashes Out At Columnist, Apologizes" (defunct link. Archived copy as of June 13, 2007.), CNN, September 9, 1998.
  33. "Moseley-Braun loses to Republican Fitzgerald", CNN, November 3, 1998.
  34. "President Clinton Names Carol Moseley-Braun For U.S. Ambassador To New Zealand" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Office of the Press Secretary (Ottawa, Canada), The White House, October 8, 1999.
  35. "Senate Confirms Moseley-braun". Chicago Tribune. November 10, 1999.
  36. "Congressional Record - 106th Congress (1999–2000) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)". loc.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  37. "U.S. Senate: Roll Call Vote". senate.gov. January 27, 2015. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  38. "Moseley Braun considering run for mayor of Chicago". New Pittsburgh Courier. September 17, 2010.
  39. "D.C. Primary results 2004". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  40. Wilgoren, Jodi; Semple, Kirk (January 15, 2004). "Braun Quits Race and Endorses Dean for Presidential Nomination" – via NYTimes.com.
  41. Mitchell, Mary (September 14, 2010). "Trailblazing Moseley Braun set to run again". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on September 18, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2010. So it really shouldn't be a surprise the wide open field that appeared when Mayor Daley announced he would not seek another term brought about a relapse. 'A group of people came together to encourage me to run,' Moseley Braun told me. 'They literally took a vote telling me to get in the race.'
  42. "Braun gets official stamp of consensus candidate". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
  43. "Carol Moseley Braun Emerges As Main Black Candidate in Chicago Mayor's Race". Huffington Post. January 1, 2011.
  44. "Braun left as main black candidate in Chicago race". theGrio. January 1, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  45. Foreman, Sean D.; Godwin, Marcia L. (2014). Local Politics and Mayoral Elections in 21st Century America: The Keys to City Hall. Routledge. p. 128—131. ISBN 978-1-317-57893-2. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  46. Chase, John (December 31, 2010). "Clout St: Danny Davis drops out, endorses Carol Moseley Braun in mayor's race". newsblogs.chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  47. "Moseley Braun's Hitler Comment Falls Flat". NBC Chicago. February 14, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  48. Terry, Don (February 26, 2011). "How a Past Political Star Became an Also-Ran". The New York Times. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  49. "Carol Moseley Braun Calls Patricia Van Pelt-Watkins Crack Addict at Candidate Forum". Fox News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  50. "Topic Galleries – WGN". Wgntv.com. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  51. "A Chronology of Chicago's Mayors". Chicago Public Library. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  52. Weiner, Rachel (April 13, 2015). "Carol Moseley Braun endorses Donna Edwards in Md. Senate primary". Washington Post. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
  53. Fritze, John (April 13, 2015). "Moseley Braun endorses Edwards for Senate". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
  54. Ihejirika, Maudlyne (March 26, 2019). "Former Sen. Carol Moseley Braun on making history, watching it in the mayoral race". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  55. Caputo, Marc [@MarcACaputo] (April 25, 2019). "Former Sen. Carol Mosley Braun, the first African-American woman elected to the chamber who ran in opposition to the treatment of Anita Hill, says on MSNBC that she proudly endorses Joe Biden —her response when asked about the Clarence Thomas hearings dogging the former VP" (Tweet). Retrieved April 25, 2019 – via Twitter.
  56. Ayres, B. Brandon (January 12, 1999). "Political Briefing; What's in a Name? Ask Moseley-Braun" Check |url= value (help). The New York Times. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  57. "Woman can't go by Mosley-Braun name". Chicago Tribune. April 22, 1999. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  58. "New Name Hinders Ward Candidate". Chicago Tribune. January 16, 1999.
  59. Ihejirika, Maudlyne. "Moseley Braun's rescuers", Chicago Sun-Times, April 29, 2007. Archived September 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  60. "Carol Moseley Braun's attacker gets 20 years". Chicago Tribune. July 11, 2008. Archived from the original on July 12, 2008.
  61. Goldsborough, Bob. "Former Sen. Moseley Braun sells Hyde Park home for $1.205 million". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
  62. "Rahm Emanuel wins Chicago mayoral vote". CNN. February 23, 2011.

Further reading
Party political offices
Preceded by
Alan Dixon		 Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Illinois
(Class 3)
1992, 1998		 Succeeded by
Barack Obama
U.S. Senate
Preceded by
Alan Dixon		 United States Senator (Class 3) from Illinois
1993–1999
Served alongside: Paul Simon, Dick Durbin		 Succeeded by
Peter Fitzgerald
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Joe Beeman		 United States Ambassador to New Zealand
1999–2001		 Succeeded by
Philip Wall
Acting
United States Ambassador to Samoa
2000–2001

(Category:American liberal people]]

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