Cancún

Cancún (/kænˈkuːn/ or /kɑːn-/;[2]Spanish pronunciation: [kaŋˈkun] pronunciation ) is a city in southeast Mexico on the northeast coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. It is a significant tourist destination in Mexico[3] and the seat of the municipality of Benito Juárez. The city is on the Caribbean Sea and is one of Mexico's easternmost points.

Cancún
City
Cancún
Location in Mexico
Cancún
Cancún (Mexico)
Coordinates: 21°09′38″N 86°50′51″W
Country Mexico
State Quintana Roo
Municipality Benito Juárez
FoundedApril 20, 1970
Government
 • MayorMara Lezama Espinosa (MORENA)
Area
 • Total1,978.75 km2 (764.00 sq mi)
Elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Highest elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2015[1])
 • Total743,626
 • Density380/km2 (970/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Cancunense
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
Postal code
77500
Area code(s)998
Federal Routes
Websitewww.cancun.gob.mx

Cancún is just north of Mexico's Caribbean coast resort band known as the Riviera Maya. In older English-language documents, the city’s name is sometimes spelled "Cancoon", an attempt to convey the sound of the name.[4]

Etymology and coat of arms

There are two possible translations of Cancún, based on the Mayan pronunciation kaan kun. The first translation is "nest of snakes". The second version and less accepted is "place of the golden snake".[5]

The shield of the municipality of Benito Juárez, which represents the city of Cancún, was designed by the Mexican-American artist Joe Vera.[6] It is divided into three parts: the color blue symbolises the Caribbean Sea, the yellow the sand and the red the sun with its rays.

History
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1990 167,730—    
1995 297,183+77.2%
2000 397,191+33.7%
2005 526,701+32.6%
2010 628,306+19.3%
2015 743,626+18.4%
sources:[7]

As documented in the earliest colonial sources, Cancún was originally known to its Maya inhabitants as Nizuc (Yucatec Maya [niʔ suʔuk]) meaning either "promontory" or "point of grass".[8] In the years after the Conquest, much of the Maya population died off or left as a result of disease, warfare, piracy, and famines, leaving only small settlements on Isla Mujeres and Cozumel Island.

The name Cancún, Cancum or Cankun first appears on 18th-century maps.[9] The meaning of Cancún is unknown, and it is also unknown whether the name is of Maya origin. If it is of Maya origin, possible translations include "Place/Seat/Throne of the Snake" or "Enchanted Snake". Snake iconography was prevalent at the pre-Columbian site of Nizuc.[10]

When development of the area as a resort was started on January 23, 1970, Isla Cancún had only three residents, all caretakers of the coconut plantation of Don José de Jesús Lima Gutiérrez, who lived on Isla Mujeres. Some 117 people lived in nearby Puerto Juárez, a fishing village and military base.[11]

A fountain allusive to Benito Juárez's coat of arms, Cobá and Náder Avenues
Aerial photography of Cancun.

Due to the reluctance of investors to gamble on an unknown area, the Mexican federal government financed the first nine hotels.[11] The first financed hotel was a Hyatt, Cancún Caribe, but the first hotel built was the Playa Blanca, which later became a Blue Bay hotel. It is now named Temptation Resort. At the time it was an elite destination, famous for its virgin white sand beaches.

The city began as a tourism project in 1974 as an Integrally Planned Center, a pioneer of FONATUR (Fondo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo, National Fund for Tourism Development), formerly known as INFRATUR. Since then, it has undergone a comprehensive transformation from being a fisherman's island surrounded by virgin forest and undiscovered shores to being one of the two most well-known Mexican resorts, along with Acapulco. The World Tourism Organization (WTO), through its foundation UNWTO-Themis, awarded the Best of the Best award "for excellence and good governance" to the Trust for Tourism Promotion of Cancún on February 3, 2007. This award ensured Cancún the ongoing support of the Department of Education and Knowledge Management of the WTO.

Most 'Cancunenses' are from Yucatán and other Mexican states. A growing number are from the rest of the Americas and Europe. The municipal authorities have struggled to provide public services for the constant influx of people, as well as limiting squatters and irregular developments, which now occupy an estimated ten to fifteen percent of the mainland area on the fringes of the city.[11]


City layout
Town Hall
Town Square
Cancun beaches, km 12

Apart from the island tourist zone (part of the world's second-longest coral reef), the Mexican residential section of the city, the downtown part of which is known as "El Centro", follows a master plan that consists of "supermanzanas"[12] (superblocks), giant trapezoids with a central, open, non-residential area cut in by u-shaped residential streets.

Ave. Tulum is the main north-south artery, connecting downtown to the airport, which is some 30 km (19 mi) south of downtown. Tulum is bisected by Ave. Cobá. East of Ave. Tulum, Cobá becomes Ave. Kukulcan which serves as the primary road through the 7-shaped hotel zone. Ave. Tulum ends on the north side at Ave. Paseo José López Portillo which connects to the main highway west to Chichén Itzá and Mérida. Another major north-south road is Ave. Bonampak which runs roughly parallel to Ave. Tulum. The main ferry to Isla Mujeres is located in Puerto Juárez, on Ave. Paseo José López Portillo.

Cancún's mainland or downtown area has diverged from the original plan; development is scattered around the city. The remaining undeveloped beach and lagoon front areas outside the hotel zone are now under varying stages of development, in Punta Sam and Puerto Juarez to the north, continuing along Bonampak and south toward the airport along Boulevard Donaldo Colosio. One development abutting the hotel zone is Puerto Cancún;[13] also Malecon Cancún[14] is another large development.

Cancún Airport's old Control Tower Memorial
Cancun International Airport.
One of Cancún designs before zoning

Despite being a young city, Cancún has a memorial monument of its foundation on a replica of the old Airport Control Tower that resembles to its own date of foundation. The original control tower was a provisional wooden structure to satisfy the operative needs of the recently created airport. Some documents of the city mention that in that time there were no other formal buildings constructed in the city, being possibly the first built structure of Cancún's recent history.

The old airport was located on the same part of the city that today corresponds to the Kabah Avenue. The tower is 15 meters tall, has a staircase of 45 steps, and has a base dimension of 5 × 5 meters. The memorial was first built in 2002, with the donations of Aerocaribe, a local airline, but the structure was damaged after Hurricane Wilma in 2005. After the claims of the local people asking to rebuild the tower memorial, a new version was built on 2010, which was later abandoned without proper maintenance until Woox Pinturas, another local wood maintenance company, made a donation to restore the structure to its original appearance.[15]

Maya archaeological sites

There are some small Mayan vestiges of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization in Cancún. El Rey (Las Ruinas del Rey) is located in the Hotel Zone. El Meco, a more substantial site, is found on the mainland just outside the city limits on the road north to Punta Sam.

Close by in the Riviera Maya and the Grand Costa Maya, there are sites such as Cobá and Muyil (Riviera) the small Polé (now Xcaret), and Kohunlich, Kinichná, Dzibanché, Oxtankah, Tulum, and Chacchoben, in the south of the state. Chichén Itzá is in the neighboring state of Yucatán.

Transportation

Cancún is served by the Cancún International Airport with an added main runway that commenced operation as of October 2009. It has many flights to North America, Central America, South America, and Europe. It is located on the northeast of the Yucatán Peninsula serving an average of about fifteen million passengers per year. The airport is located around 20 km (12 mi) from the hotel zone, approximately a 20 minute trip by car.[16] The island of Isla Mujeres is located off the coast and is accessible by ferry from Puerto Juárez and Playa Tortugas in the Hotel Zone.

Cancún is also served by three private bus lines that connect it to the downtown area and the "hotel zone" as well as more distant destinations such as Playa del Carmen and Tulum.[17]

Climate
Aerial photography.

Cancún has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw), with little difference between seasons, but pronounced rainy and dry seasons. The city is hot year-round, and moderated by onshore trade winds, with an annual mean temperature of 27.1 °C (80.8 °F). Unlike inland areas of the Yucatán Peninsula, sea breezes restrict high temperatures from reaching 36 °C (97 °F) on most afternoons. Annual rainfall is around 1,340 millimetres (52.8 in), falling on 115 days per year.

The rainy season runs from May through late October, when hot temperatures, high humidity, and quick, but intense summer thundershowers are common. The dry season normally begins in December and runs through April, when more temperate conditions occur as the northeast trade winds bring northerly breezes, sunshine, and relative humidity is lowest. The hotel zone juts into the Caribbean Sea, it is surrounded by ocean therefore daytime temperatures are around 1-2 °C less and windspeeds are higher than at the airport located some distance inland, which is the official meteorological station for Cancún, averages as shown below.[18]

Thanks to the Yucatán current continually bringing warm water from further south, the sea temperature is always very warm, with lows of 79 °F (26 °C) in winter and highs of 84 °F (29 °C) in summer.[19]

Average Sea Temperature[21]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
79 °F

26 °C

 79 °F

26 °C

 79 °F

26 °C

 81 °F

27 °C

 82 °F

28 °C

 84 °F

29 °C

 84 °F

29 °C

 84 °F

29 °C

 84 °F

29 °C

 84 °F

29 °C

 82 °F

28 °C

 81 °F

27 °C

Tropical storms and hurricanes
Temple of the Scorpion.
Archaeological site El Meco from the Castle area
El Meco archaeological site

The tropical storm season lasts from May to December, the rainy season extends into January with peak precipitation in October. February to early May tend to be drier with only occasional scattered showers. Cancún is located in one of the main Caribbean hurricane impact areas. Although large hurricanes are rare, they have struck near to Cancún in recent years, Hurricane Wilma in 2005 being the largest. Hurricane Gilbert made a devastating direct hit on Cancún in September 1988 and the tourist hotels needed to be rebuilt. In both cases, federal, state and municipal authorities were well prepared to deal with most of the effects on tourists and local residents.[22] Hurricane Dean in 2007 also made its mark on the city of Cancún.

1988's Hurricane Gilbert was the second most intense hurricane ever observed in the Atlantic basin. It landed on the Yucatán peninsula after crossing over the island of Cozumel. In the Cancún region, a loss of $87 million (1989 USD) due to a decline in tourism was estimated for the months October, November and December in 1988.[23]

On October 21, 2005, Hurricane Wilma made landfall on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula as a powerful Category 4 hurricane, with strong winds in excess of 150 mph (240 km/h). The hurricane's eye first passed over the island of Cozumel, and then made an official landfall near Playa del Carmen in the state of Quintana Roo at around 11 p.m. local time on October 21 with winds near 140 mph (230 km/h). Portions of the island of Cozumel experienced the calm eye of Wilma for several hours with some blue skies and sunshine visible at times. The eye slowly drifted northward, with the center passing just to the west of Cancún, Quintana Roo.

Two years later after Hurricane Wilma, in 2007, Hurricane Dean made landfall as a Category 5 storm in Majahual, 190 miles (310 km) to the south of Cancún. Fierce winds at the edge of Dean's impact cone stripped sand off 7.5 miles (12.1 km) of beaches from Punta Cancún (Camino Real Hotel) to Punta Nizuc (Club Med).[24] The authorities asked tourism operators to suspend sending tourists to Cancún while Hurricane Dean was approaching, but did ask airlines to send empty planes, which were then used to evacuate tourists already there.[25]

Education

Although Cancún is better known as a travel and tourism destination, some colleges and universities offer higher education to both Mexican and foreign students. Private schools in Cancún include Centro Educativo Monteverde, International American School of Cancun, Instituto Césare, and Centro Educativo Diuni.

Sports
Andrés Quintana Roo Stadium, with a very slight increase in its capacity that originally planned, for traditional club Atlante F.C.

The city has been home to Atlante F.C., a traditional Mexico City football club, since 2007. Atlante F.C. was moved to Cancún's Andrés Quintana Roo Stadium when that stadium opened. Its games had low attendance at its previous stadium, Azteca Stadium, which it had been renting. The team currently plays in the Ascenso MX, the second level of the Mexican football pyramid. The city is also home to the Pioneros de Cancún, who play in the third division Liga Premier de México.

The city is also home to the baseball team Tigres de Quintana Roo, who play in the Mexican League (LMB).

Drug trafficking network
Estadio de Béisbol Beto Ávila, home of Tigres de Quintana Roo

The city has been devastated by violent acts related to drug trafficking.[26] Between 2013 and 2016 there were 76 murders: 31 in 2016,[26] and at least 193 in 2017,[27] the vast majority related to drug trafficking.[28] Most have occurred in the urban nucleus, and there have been various violent episodes with firearms in the so-called "Zona Hotelera".[28] Beginning in 2018 with a high wave of violence, Cancún is above the national average in homicides.[29] In January 2018 alone there were 33 homicides, triple the number from January 2017.[30]

The violent acts have begun to put pressure on the tourism industry, where in January 2019, Cancún saw its first decrease in international passengers in seven years.[31]

In the 21st century, Cancún had largely avoided the bloodshed associated with the trade of illegal drugs, but is known for its retail drug sales to tourists as well as for being a center of money laundering.[32] The links with Cancún date from the 1990s and early 2000s, when the area was controlled by the Juárez and Gulf drug cartels. In recent years Los Zetas, a group that broke away from the Gulf Cartel, has taken control of many smuggling routes through the Yucatán, according to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration.[33]

  • Crowded beach at Cancún Island
  • La Isla Shopping Village
  • Residential area
  • The beach in Cancún, México.
  • Aerial view of Cancun Island
  • Cancun, Quintana Roo

Sister cities
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See also

References
  1. 2015 census tables, MX: INEGI, archived from the original on May 2, 2013
  2. "Cancún". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
  3. "OMT concede premio excelencia a la promoción turística de Cancún (México)" (in Spanish). ES: El Economista. February 3, 2007. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  4. United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Aging. Subcommittee on Federal, State, and Community Services (1976). Transportation, improving mobility for older Americans: hearings before the Subcommittee on Federal, State, and Community Services of the Select Committee on Aging, House of Representatives, Ninety-fourth Congress, second session. Google Books. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 9, 2014.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. "Fast Facts". ’’World Atlas’’. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
  6. Varillas, Adriana (August 19, 2013). "Centro de Cancún, tan mexicano como cosmopolita". El Periodico de Quintana Roo. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
  7. "MEXICO: Quintana Roo". Citypopulation.de. January 8, 2012. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
  8. Archived July 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine A proper Maya spelling of Nizuc may be “Ni’ su’uk” which translates to “promontory” or “point of grass”-Source-Some Historic Notes and Observations on Isla Cancún, Quintana Roo], published at FAMSI by Andrews, Anthony P.
  9. "Government of Mexico, Cancún 2014". cancun.gob.mx. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  10. "Snake iconography was prevalent at the pre-Columbian site of Nizuc-Source- Historic Notes and Observations on Isla Cancún, Quintana Roo" (PDF). famsi.org. FAMSI. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 30, 2009. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
  11. Siegel, Jules (2006). Cancun User's Guide. Lulu.com. p. 204. ISBN 1-4116-3944-8.
  12. Archived February 14, 2017, at the Wayback Machine El Centro supermanzanas-Source-La arquitectura norte americana, motor y espejo de la arquitectura española ... By José Manuel Pozo Municio, Javier Martínez González
  13. "Location". Puerto Cancun. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  14. Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  15. http://www.revistapioneros.com/la-antigua-torre-de-control-simbolo-de-la-fundacion-de-cancun/ Archived May 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Cancún's Airport Old Control Tower.
  16. Archived October 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine CANCUN AIRPORT MAP (CUN) ICAO CODE (MMUN) LATITUDE 21.0° LONGITUDE 86.9°
  17. "Public Transportation". Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  18. Archived October 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Cancún Weather
  19. "Cancun weather – water temperature". Cancunmap.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  20. "Normales Climatológicas 1951–2010" (in Spanish). National Meteorological Service of Mexico. August 2011. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
  21. "Cancun Climate and Weather Averages, Cancun and Riviera Maya". Weather to Travel. Archived from the original on May 29, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  22. Archived July 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Hurricane Dean On Course for Cancún
  23. Benigono Aguirre. "Cancun [sic] under Gilbert: Prelimenary [sic] Observations" (PDF). International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters March 1989, Vol. 7, No.1, pp. 69–82. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 10, 2005. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
  24. Novedades de Quintana Roo Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  25. Archived July 9, 2012, at Archive.today Vacationers flee Cancun and Belize resorts after Dean, now a Category 5 storm, barrels past the Cayman Islands
  26. "Se disparan 162% los homicidios en Cancún". www.milenio.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  27. "Abaten a tiros a mujer en Cancún, llegan a 193 asesinatos este año". yucatanalamano.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  28. "En 2017, crimen organizado mató a 111 en Cancún". www.milenio.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  29. "Quintana Roo, por arriba de la media nacional en homicidios". noticaribe.com.mx. January 9, 2018. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  30. "Se disparan 300% los homicidios en Cancún - La Palabra del Caribe - Periodismo con ética - Noticias de Quintana Roo". lapalabradelcaribe.com. February 1, 2018. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  31. "Baja por primera vez en 7 anos Illegada de turistas internacionales a Cancún". February 24, 2019.
  32. Booth, William (May 27, 2010). "Mayor of Cancun, Mexico, charged with drug trafficking, money laundering". Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  33. Hawley, Chris (May 26, 2010). "Drugs cast cloud over Mexican paradise". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  34. "Wichita Sister Cities". City of Wichita. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
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