Cèmuhî language

Cemuhî (Camuhi, Camuki, Tyamuhi, Wagap) is an Oceanic language spoken on the island of New Caledonia, in the area of Poindimié, Koné, and Touho. The language has approximately 3,300 speakers and is considered a regional language of France.

Cèmuhî
Wagap
Native toNew Caledonia
RegionTouho: east coast from Congouma to Wagap and inland valleys
Native speakers
2,600 (2009)[1]
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3cam
Glottologcemu1238[2]

Phonology

Consonants

Cèmuhî has a consonantal distinction of what Rivierre (1980) calls nasal, semi-nasal, and oral consonants. He refers to voiced oral consonants as semi-nasal because they are always prenasalized. [3]

Consonant phonemes
  Labiovelar Labial Retroflex Palatal Velar Laryngeal
Nasal mw
hŵ		  m  n  ny  ng  ĥ  
Semi-nasal mbw  mb  nd  nj  ŋg    
Oral pw
w		  p  t
(r)
l		  c  k  (h) 

Vowels

The chart below shows Cèmuhî vowels, all of which can contrast in both length and nasality. [4]

Vowel phonemes
  Front Central Back
Close i   u
Close-mid e   o
Open-mid ɛ   ɔ
Open a    

Tone

Like its neighbour Paicî, Cèmuhî is one of the few Austronesian languages which have developed contrastive tone. However, unlike other New Caledonian tonal languages, Cèmuhî has three tonal registers: high, mid, and low tones. [5]

gollark: I assumed most people used dedicated providers for that nowadays.
gollark: Person #1281490129491 after they buy inadequate laser safety goggles.
gollark: All other interpretations are class-ζ heresy.
gollark: They are part of the weekend. They occur at the end of the week. After the end of the week, it is a new week, and also Monday.
gollark: I think it's conventionally Monday here. Sunday would be silly.

See also
  • Northern New Caledonian languages

Notes
  1. Cèmuhî at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Cemuhi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. Rivierre (1980).
  4. Rivierre (1980).
  5. Rivierre (1972, 1980).

Bibliography
  • Rivierre, Jean-Claude (1972). Les Tons de la langue de Touho (Nouvelle-Calédonie) : Etude diachronique. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 1972, vol.67, n°1, p. 301-316.
  • Rivierre, Jean-Claude (1980). La Langue de Touho : Phonologie et grammaire du Cèmuhî (Nouvelle-Calédonie). Paris: Société d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France. p. 363.
  • Rivierre, Jean-Claude (1983). Dictionnaire cèmuhî – français, suivi d'un lexique français – cèmuhî. Paris: Société d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France. p. 375.
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