Beta Monocerotis

Beta Monocerotis (Beta Mon, β Monocerotis, β Mon) is a triple star system in the constellation of Monoceros.[14] To the naked eye, it appears as a single star with an apparent visual magnitude of approximately 3.74, making it the brightest visible star in the constellation.[7] A telescope shows a curved line of three pale blue stars (or pale yellow stars, depending on the scope's focus). William Herschel who discovered it in 1781 commented that it is "one of the most beautiful sights in the heavens".[20] The star system consists of three Be stars, β Monocerotis A, β Monocerotis B, and β Monocerotis C. There is also an additional visual companion star that is probably not physically close to the other three stars.[14]

β Monocerotis
Location of β Monocerotis (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS)
Constellation Monoceros
A
Right ascension  06h 28m 49.0700s[1]
Declination −07° 01′ 59.025″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 4.60[2]
B
Right ascension  06h 28m 49.4238s[3]
Declination −07° 02′ 03.876″[4]
Apparent magnitude (V) 5.00[2]
C
Right ascension  06h 28m 49.6128s[5]
Declination −07° 02′ 04.763″[5]
Apparent magnitude (V) 5.32[2]
Characteristics
A
Spectral type B4Veshell[6]
U−B color index −0.63[7]
B−V color index −0.10[7]
R−I color index −0.16[7]
B
Spectral type B2vn(e)[8]
U−B color index −0.52[4]
B−V color index −0.07[4]
C
Spectral type B3V:nne[8]
B−V color index −0.1[9]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)17.20[10] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: −6.86[11] mas/yr
Dec.: −2.76[11] mas/yr
Parallax (π)4.82 ± 1.12[11] mas
Distanceapprox. 700 ly
(approx. 210 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)−1.55[12]
Details
A
Mass8.7[13] M☉
Luminosity3,200[14] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)4.06[15] cgs
Temperature18,070[15][16] K
Rotational velocity (v sin i)346[7] km/s
Age27.5[13] Myr
B
Mass6.2[14] M☉
Luminosity1,600[14] L☉
Rotational velocity (v sin i)123[4] km/s
C
Mass6[14] M☉
Luminosity1,300[14] L☉
Rotational velocity (v sin i)331[17] km/s
Other designations
β Mon, Beta Monocerotis, Beta Mon, 11 Monocerotis, 11 Mon, STF 919, ADS 5107, CCDM J06288-0702, HIP 30867,[note 1] WDS 06288-0702A.[18][19]
A: β1 Monocerotis, β1 Mon, Beta1 Monocerotis, Beta1 Mon, BD−06°1574, GC 8412, HD 45725, HR 2356
B: BD−06°1575B, HD 45726, HR 2357
C: BD−06°1575C, HD 45727, HR 2358
Database references
SIMBADdata
A
B
C

System

The three stars of β Monocerotis lie approximately in a straight line. Component B is 7" from component A, and component C a further 3" away.[19] The stars have a common proper motion across the sky and very similar radial velocities. They share a single Hipparcos satellite identifier and are assumed to be at the same distance, around 700 light years based on their parallax.[11]

β Monocerotis is classified as a variable star, although it is unclear which of the three components causes the brightness changes.[21] The magnitude range is given as 3.77 to 3.84 in the Hipparcos photometric band.[22]

Beta Monocerotis A

Beta Monocerotis A (Beta Mon A, β Monocerotis A, β Mon A) is a Be shell star with a mass of approximately 7 solar masses and a luminosity of 3,200 times the Sun's.[14][23]

Beta Monocerotis B

Beta Monocerotis B (Beta Mon B / β Monocerotis B / β Mon B) is a Be star with a mass of approximately 6.2 solar masses and a luminosity of 1,600 times the Sun's.[14]

Beta Monocerotis C

Beta Monocerotis C (Beta Mon C / β Monocerotis C / β Mon C) is a Be star with a mass of approximately 6 solar masses and a luminosity of 1,300 times the Sun's.[14] This star was observed to be double in speckle interferometric observations in 1988, but this has not been confirmed by later infrared observations.[24][25]

Visual companion
CCDM J06288-0702D
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS)
Constellation Monoceros
Right ascension  06h 28m 50.3s[26]
Declination −07° 01′ 41″[26]
Apparent magnitude (V) 12.2[26]
Position (relative to A)
Epoch of observation1999
Angular distance25.4″ [19]
Position angle47° [19]
Other designations
ADS 5107 D, BD−06°1574D, WDS 06288-0702D.[26][19]
Database references
SIMBADdata

The triple star system has a visual companion, CCDM J06288-0702D, which has an apparent visual magnitude of approximately 12 and is visible approximately 25 arcseconds away from β Monocerotis A.[19] It is probably not physically close to the other three stars, merely appearing next to them in the sky.[14]

Notes
  1. The Hipparcos Catalogue entry for HIP 30867 includes all three of β Monocerotis A, B, and C. See component 1, component 2, and component 3, entries for HIP 30867, The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues, 1997, CDS ID I/239, accessed on line November 21, 2008.
gollark: Equality is a binary relation too so this isn't generalised enough.
gollark: Bee this! What if I want binary relations on stuff without equality?!
gollark: Now, there's microG now, but also safetynet.
gollark: Which is a blob running with literally every permission and I believe self update capabilities.
gollark: But apps frequently demand Google Play Services.

References
  1. Entry, component 1, HIP 30867, The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues, 1997, CDS ID I/239, accessed on line November 21, 2008.
  2. Ducati, J. R (2002). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2237. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D.
  3. Entry, component 2, HIP 30867, The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues, 1997, CDS ID I/239, accessed on line November 21, 2008.
  4. HR 2357, database entry, The Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Preliminary Version), D. Hoffleit and W. H. Warren, Jr., CDS ID V/50. Accessed on line November 21, 2008.
  5. Entry, component 3, HIP 30867, The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues, 1997, CDS ID I/239, accessed on line November 21, 2008.
  6. Slettebak, A (1982). "Spectral types and rotational velocities of the brighter Be stars and A-F type shell stars". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 50: 55. Bibcode:1982ApJS...50...55S. doi:10.1086/190820.
  7. HR 2356, database entry, The Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Preliminary Version), D. Hoffleit and W. H. Warren, Jr., CDS ID V/50. Accessed on line November 21, 2008.
  8. Cowley, A; Gugula, E (1973). "Cyclic variations of the Be star beta 1 Monocerotis". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 22: 203. Bibcode:1973A&A....22..203C.
  9. "* bet Mon C". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
  10. Gontcharov, G. A (2006). "Pulkovo Compilation of Radial Velocities for 35 495 Hipparcos stars in a common system". Astronomy Letters. 32 (11): 759. arXiv:1606.08053. Bibcode:2006AstL...32..759G. doi:10.1134/S1063773706110065.
  11. Van Leeuwen, F (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357.
  12. Fabregat, J; Reglero, V (1990). "Determination of Be-Star Parameters from Uvby-Beta Photometry and Hα Equivalent Widths". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 247: 407. Bibcode:1990MNRAS.247..407F.
  13. Tetzlaff, N; Neuhäuser, R; Hohle, M. M (2011). "A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 410: 190. arXiv:1007.4883. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.410..190T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x.
  14. Jim Kaler. "Beta Mon". Stars. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
  15. Zorec, J; Frémat, Y; Cidale, L (2005). "On the evolutionary status of Be stars. I. Field Be stars near the Sun". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 441: 235. arXiv:astro-ph/0509119. Bibcode:2005A&A...441..235Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053051.
  16. Frémat, Y; Zorec, J; Hubert, A.-M; Floquet, M (2005). "Effects of gravitational darkening on the determination of fundamental parameters in fast-rotating B-type stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 440: 305. arXiv:astro-ph/0503381. Bibcode:2005A&A...440..305F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042229.
  17. HR 2358, database entry, The Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Preliminary Version), D. Hoffleit and W. H. Warren, Jr., CDS ID V/50. Accessed on line November 21, 2008.
  18. "* bet01 Mon". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
  19. Entry 06288-0702, The Washington Double Star Catalog Archived 2009-01-31 at the Wayback Machine, United States Naval Observatory. Accessed on line November 21, 2008.
  20. Proctor, Richard Anthony (1879). Half-hours with the Telescope: A Popular Guide to the Use of the Telescope as a Means of Amusement and Instruction. G. P. Putnam's sons.
  21. Kazarovets, E. V; Samus, N. N; Durlevich, O. V (2000). "The 75th Name-List of Variable Stars". Information Bulletin on Variable Stars. 4870: 1. Bibcode:2000IBVS.4870....1K.
  22. Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/gcvs. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S. 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
  23. Rivinius, Th.; Štefl, S.; Baade, D. (2006). "Bright Be-shell stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 459: 137. Bibcode:2006A&A...459..137R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053008.
  24. Table 1, McAlister Harold A (1993). "ICCD speckle observations of binary stars. X - A further survey for duplicity among the bright stars". The Astronomical Journal. 106: 1639. Bibcode:1993AJ....106.1639M. doi:10.1086/116753..
  25. Tokovinin A. A., Chalabaev A., Shatsky N. I., Beuzit J. L. (1999). "§4.1, A near IR adaptive optics search for faint companions to early-type multiple stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 346: 481–486. Bibcode:1999A&A...346..481T.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. "UCAC3 166-34162". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
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