Benigno Aquino Jr.

Benigno "Ninoy" Simeon Aquino Jr., QSC[1][2][3][4] (November 27, 1932 – August 21, 1983) was a Filipino politician who served as a Senator of the Philippines (1967–1972) and governor of the province of Tarlac. He was the husband of Corazon Aquino—who, after his death, eventually became President of the Philippines—and father of a later President, Benigno Aquino III. Aquino, together with Gerardo Roxas and Jovito Salonga, formed the leadership of the opposition towards then President Ferdinand Marcos. Shortly after the imposition of martial law, Aquino was arrested in 1972 along with others associated with the New People's Army's armed insurgency and incarcerated for seven years. He founded his own party, Lakas ng Bayan and ran in the 1978 Philippine parliamentary election, but all the party's candidates lost in the election. In 1980, he was permitted by Marcos to travel to the United States for medical treatment following a heart attack. During the early 1980s he became one of the most notable critics of the Marcos regime, and enjoyed popularity across the US due to the numerous rallies he attended at the time. As the situation in the Philippines worsened, Aquino decided to return to face Marcos and restore democracy in the country, despite numerous threats against it. He was assassinated at the Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983, upon returning from his self-imposed exile. His death revitalized opposition to Marcos; it also catapulted his widow, Corazon, into the political limelight and prompted her to successfully run for a six-year term as president as a member of the United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO) party in the 1986 snap election.

In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Aquino and the surname or paternal family name is Aquino.
"Ninoy Aquino" and "Sen. Ninoy Aquino" redirect here. For other uses, see Ninoy Aquino (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with his father Benigno Aquino Sr., nor his son Benigno Aquino III.
Benigno S. Aquino Jr.

QSC CLH
Senator of the Philippines
In office
December 30, 1967 – September 23, 1972[lower-alpha 1]
Presidential Adviser on Defense Affairs
In office
1949–1954
Governor of Tarlac
In office
February 17, 1961 – December 30, 1967
Preceded byArsenio Lugay
Succeeded byEduardo Cojuangco Jr.
Vice Governor of Tarlac
In office
December 30, 1959 – February 15, 1961
Mayor of Concepcion, Tarlac
In office
December 30, 1955 – December 30, 1959
Personal details
Born
Benigno Simeon Aquino Jr.

November 27, 1932
Concepcion, Tarlac, Philippine Islands
DiedAugust 21, 1983(1983-08-21) (aged 50)
Manila International Airport, Metro Manila, Philippines
Cause of deathAssassination (Gunshot wound)
Resting placeManila Memorial Park – Sucat, Parañaque
NationalityFilipino
Political partyLiberal (1959–1983)
LABAN (1978–1983)
Other political
affiliations		Nacionalista (1955–1959)
Spouse(s)
​
(
m. 1954)
RelationsSee Aquino family
Children5 (incl. Benigno III and Kris)
Alma materUniversity of the Philippines Diliman
Ateneo de Manila University
OccupationPolitician
ProfessionJournalist
Signature
Websitewww.ninoyaquino.ph

Among other public structures, Manila International Airport has since been renamed Ninoy Aquino International Airport in his honor, and the anniversary of his death is a national holiday.

Early life

Benigno Simeón Aquino Jr. was born in Concepcion, Tarlac, on November 27, 1932, to Benigno Aquino Sr. and Aurora Lampa Aquino[5][6] from a prosperous family of hacienderos, the original owners of Hacienda Maling, Hacienda Sawang and Hacienda Murcia.[7]

His grandfather, Servillano Aquino, was a general in the revolutionary army of Emilio Aguinaldo, the officially recognized first President of the Philippines.[8]

He received his elementary education at the basic education department of De La Salle College and finished at the basic education department of Saint Joseph's College of Quezon City. He then graduated at the high school department of San Beda College. Aquino took his tertiary education at Ateneo de Manila University to obtain a Bachelor of Arts degree, but he interrupted his studies.[9] According to one of his biographies, he considered himself to be an average student; his grade was not in the line of 90s nor did it fall into the 70s. At the age of 17, he was the youngest war correspondent to cover the Korean War for The Manila Times of Don Joaquín "Chino" Roces. Because of his journalistic feats, he received the Philippine Legion of Honor award from President Elpidio Quirino when aged 18. At 21, he became a close adviser to then Defense Secretary Ramon Magsaysay. Aquino took up law at the University of the Philippines Diliman, where he became a member of Upsilon Sigma Phi, the same fraternity as Ferdinand Marcos. He interrupted his studies again however to pursue a career in journalism. According to Máximo Soliven, Aquino "later 'explained' that he had decided to go to as many schools as possible, so that he could make as many new friends as possible."[9] In early 1954, he was appointed by President Ramon Magsaysay, his wedding sponsor to his 1953 wedding at the Our Lady of Sorrows Church in Pasay with Corazon Cojuangco, to act as personal emissary to Luis Taruc, leader of the Hukbalahap rebel group. After four months of negotiations, he was credited for Taruc's unconditional surrender[10] and was given a second Philippine Legion of Honor award with the degree of Commander on October 14, 1954.[11]

He became mayor of Concepcion in 1955 at the age of 23.[12]

Political career
Benigno Aquino Jr. (right) with President Ramon Magsaysay in August 1951

Aquino gained an early familiarity with Philippine politics, as he was born into one of the Philippines' political and landholding clans. His grandfather served under President Aguinaldo, and his father held office under Presidents Quezon and Jose P. Laurel. As a consequence, Aquino was able to be elected mayor when he was 23 years old.[12] Five years later, he was elected the nation's youngest vice governor at 27 (the record was surpassed by Bongbong Marcos at 22 in 1980). Two years later, he became governor of Tarlac province in 1961 and then secretary-general of the Liberal Party in 1966.

In 1968, during his first year as senator, Aquino alleged that Marcos was on the road to establishing "a garrison state" by "ballooning the armed forces budget," saddling the defense establishment with "overstaying generals" and "militarizing our civilian government offices."[13][14]

Aquino became known as a constant critic of the Marcos regime, as his flamboyant rhetoric had made him a darling of the media. His most polemical speech, "A Pantheon for Imelda", was delivered on February 10, 1969. He assailed the Cultural Center, the first project of First Lady Imelda Marcos as extravagant, and dubbed it "a monument to shame" and labelled its designer "a megalomaniac, with a penchant to captivate". By the end of the day, the country's broadsheets had blared that he labelled the President's wife, his cousin Paz's former ward, and a woman he had once courted, "the Philippines' Eva Peron". President Marcos is said to have been outraged and labelled Aquino "a congenital liar". The First Lady's friends angrily accused Aquino of being "ungallant". These so-called "fiscalization" tactics of Aquino quickly became his trademark in the Senate.[15][14]

Early martial law years
President Ferdinand Marcos meets Aquino

It was not until the Plaza Miranda bombing on August 21, 1971 that the pattern of direct confrontation between Marcos and Aquino emerged. At 9:15 pm, at the kick-off rally of the Liberal Party, the candidates formed a line on a makeshift platform and were raising their hands as the crowd applauded. The band played, a fireworks display drew all eyes, when suddenly there were two loud explosions that obviously were not part of the show. In an instant, the stage became a scene of wild carnage. The police later discovered two fragmentation grenades that had been thrown at the stage by "unknown persons". Eight people died, and 120 others were wounded, many critically.

As Aquino was the only Liberal Party senatorial candidate not present at the incident, many assumed that Aquino's NPA friends tipped him off in advance.[16] Years later, some former communists claimed responsibility and accused Aquino of being involved, but the party leadership dismissed this as absurd. No one has ever been prosecuted for the attack.[17] Many historians continue to suspect Marcos as he is known to have used false flag attacks as a pretext for his declaration of martial law at that time.[18][19]

Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972 through Proclamation No. 1081[20] and went on air to broadcast his declaration on the midnight of September 23.[21] Aquino was one of the first to be arrested and imprisoned on trumped-up charges of murder, illegal possession of firearms and subversion. He was tried before Military Commission No. 2, headed by Major-General Jose Syjuco.

On April 4, 1975, Aquino announced that he was going on a hunger strike, a fast to the death to protest the injustices of his military trial. Ten days through his hunger strike, he instructed his lawyers to withdraw all the motions he had submitted to the Supreme Court. As weeks went by, he subsisted solely on salt tablets, sodium bicarbonate, amino acids and two glasses of water a day. Even as he grew weaker, suffering from chills and cramps, soldiers forcibly dragged him to the military tribunal's session. His family and hundreds of friends and supporters heard Mass nightly at the Santuario de San Jose in Greenhills, San Juan, praying for his survival. Near the end, Aquino's weight dropped from 54 to 36 kilograms. Aquino nonetheless was able to walk throughout his ordeal. On May 13, 1975, on the 40th day, his family and several priests and friends, begged him to end his fast, pointing out that even Christ fasted only for 40 days. He acquiesced, confident that he had made a symbolic gesture. He, however, remained in prison, and the trial continued, drawn out for several years. On November 25, 1977, the Military Commission found Aquino, along with NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno (Kumander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpuz, guilty of all charges and sentenced them to death by firing squad.[22] Marcos, however, spared them from execution.[23]

1978 election, bypass surgery, exile
The room where Aquino was detained from August 1973 to 1980

In 1978, from his prison cell, Aquino was allowed to run in the 1978 Philippine parliamentary election. As Ninoy's Liberal Party colleagues were boycotting the election, he formed the Lakas ng Bayan party. The party had 21 candidates for the Metro Manila area, including Ninoy himself. All of the party's candidates, including Ninoy, lost the election.[24]

In mid-March 1980, Aquino suffered a heart attack, mostly in a solitary cell. He was transported to the Philippine Heart Center, where he suffered a second heart attack. ECG and other tests showed that he had a blocked artery. Philippine surgeons were reluctant to do a coronary bypass, because it could involve them in a controversy. In addition, Aquino refused to submit himself to Philippine doctors, fearing possible Marcos "duplicity"; he preferred to go to the United States for the procedure or return to his cell at Fort Bonifacio and die.

His request was granted and Ninoy was allowed to go to the US for surgery, together with his entire family. This was arranged after a secret hospital visit by Imelda Marcos. This "emergency leave" was set up when Ninoy supposedly agreed to the conditions that, first, he will return, and second, he will not speak out against Marcos in the US. Ninoy was operated on by Rolando M. Solis, a Filipino American and the longest-practicing cardiologist in Dallas, Texas, where the operation took place. After the surgery, Ninoy made a quick recovery, after which he decided to renounce the agreement, saying, "a pact with the devil is no pact at all".[25]

He, Cory and their children started a new life in Massachusetts. He continued to work on two books and gave a series of lectures while on fellowship grants from Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His travels across the US had become opportunities for him to deliver speeches critical of the Marcos government.[26][27] Throughout his years of expatriation, Aquino was always aware that his life in the U.S. was temporary. He never stopped affirming his eventual return even as he enjoyed American hospitality and a peaceful life with his family on American soil. After spending seven years and seven months in prison, Aquino's finances were in ruins. Making up for the lost time as the family's breadwinner, he toured America; attending symposiums, lectures, and giving speeches in freedom rallies opposing the Marcos dictatorship. The most memorable was held at the Wilshire Ebell Theater in Los Angeles, California on February 15, 1981.[28]

Planning return
Aquino delivers a prepared statement against the Marcos regime

In the first quarter of 1983, Aquino received news about the deteriorating political situation in his country and the rumored declining health of President Marcos (due to lupus). He believed that it was expedient for him to speak to Marcos and present to him his rationale for the country's return to democracy, before extremists took over and made such a change impossible. Moreover, his years of absence made his allies worry that the Filipinos might have resigned themselves to Marcos' strongman rule and that without his leadership the centrist opposition would die a natural death.[29]

Aquino decided to go back to the Philippines, fully aware of the dangers that awaited him. Warned that he would either be imprisoned or killed, Aquino answered, "if it's my fate to die by an assassin's bullet, so be it. But I cannot be petrified by inaction, or fear of assassination, and therefore stay in the side..."[30] His family, however, learned from a Philippine Consular official that there were orders from Ministry of Foreign Affairs not to issue any passports for them. At that time, their passports had expired and their renewal had been denied. They therefore formulated a plan for Aquino to fly alone (to attract less attention), with the rest of the family to follow him after two weeks. Despite the government's ban on issuing him a passport, Aquino acquired one with the help of Rashid Lucman, a former Mindanao legislator and founder of the Bangsamoro Liberation Front, a Moro separatist group against Marcos. It carried the alias Marcial Bonifacio (Marcial for martial law and Bonifacio for Fort Bonifacio, his erstwhile prison).[31] He eventually obtained a legitimate passport from a sympathizer working in a Philippine consulate through the help of Roque R. Ablan Jr., who was then a congressman. The Marcos government warned all international airlines that they would be denied landing rights and forced to return if they tried to fly Aquino back to the Philippines. Aquino insisted that it was his natural right as a citizen to come back to his homeland, and that no government could prevent him from doing so. He left Logan International Airport on August 13, 1983, took a circuitous route home from Boston, via Los Angeles to Singapore. In Singapore, then-Tunku Ibrahim Ismail of Johor met Aquino upon his arrival and later brought him to Johor to meet with other Malaysian leaders.[32] Once in Johor, Aquino met up with Tunku Ibrahim's father, Sultan Iskandar, who was a close friend to Aquino.[33]

He then left for Hong Kong and on to Taipei. He had chosen Taipei as the final stopover when he learned the Philippines had severed diplomatic ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan). This made him feel more secure; the Taiwan government could pretend they were not aware of his presence. There would also be a couple of Taiwanese friends accompanying him. From Taipei he flew to Manila on then Taiwan's flag carrier China Airlines Flight 811.

Marcos wanted Aquino to stay out of politics, however Aquino asserted his willingness to suffer the consequences declaring, "the Filipino is worth dying for."[34] He wished to express an earnest plea for Marcos to step down, for a peaceful regime change and a return to democratic institutions. Anticipating the worst, at an interview in his suite at the Taipei Grand Hotel, he revealed that he would be wearing a bullet-proof vest, but he also said that "it's only good for the body, but in the head there's nothing else we can do." Sensing his own doom, he told the journalists accompanying him on the flight, "You have to be very ready with your hand camera because this action can become very fast. In a matter of a three or four minutes it could be all over, you know, and [laughing] I may not be able to talk to you again after this."[35] His last televised interview,[36] with journalist Jim Laurie, took place on the flight just prior to his assassination.

In his last formal statement that he was not able to deliver, he said, "I have returned on my free will to join the ranks of those struggling to restore our rights and freedoms through non-violence. I seek no confrontation."[37]

Assassination
Clothes worn by Aquino upon his return from exile at the Aquino Center in Tarlac
Main article: Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.

Aquino was shot in the head after returning to the Philippines on August 21, 1983. About 1,000 security personnel had been assigned by the Marcos government to ensure Aquino's safe return to his detention cell in Fort Bonifacio, but this did not prevent the assassination. A subsequent investigation was opened, but provided no definitive answers. 26 individuals (25 military men and one civilian) were charged with involvement in the murder, but were acquitted by the Sandiganbayan on December 2, 1985. After Marcos' government was overthrown, another investigation found sixteen defendants guilty. They were all sentenced to life in prison. Some were released over the years, the last ones in March 2009.[38]

Another man present at the airport tarmac, Rolando Galman, was shot dead shortly after Aquino was killed. The Marcos government claimed that Galman was the trigger man in Aquino's assassination.

After the assassination, the opposition ran for the Regular Batasang Pambansa under the United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO) and the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (PDP–Laban) against the ruling Kilusang Bagong Lipunan of Ferdinand Marcos. In the wake of the massive outpouring of protest and discontent following the assassination of Ninoy, the opposition performed better during the 1984 Philippine parliamentary election compared to the 1978 Philippine parliamentary election, winning 61 seats out of 183 seats, or 33% of the total number of seats.

Funeral
Sen. Ninoy Aquino's grave (right) is next to his wife Corazon Aquino's (left) at the Manila Memorial Park in Parañaque, Philippines.

Aquino's body lay in state in a coffin. No effort was made to disguise a bullet wound that had disfigured his face. In an interview with Aquino's mother, Aurora, she told the funeral parlor not to apply makeup nor embalm her son, to see "what they did to my son". Thousands of supporters flocked to see the bloodied body of Aquino, which took place at the Aquino household in Times Street, West Triangle, Quezon City, for nine days. Aquino's wife, Corazon Aquino, and children Ballsy, Pinky, Viel, Noynoy and Kris arrived the day after the assassination. Aquino's funeral procession on August 31 lasted from 9 a.m., when his funeral mass was held at Santo Domingo Church in Santa Mesa Heights, Quezon City, with the Cardinal Archbishop of Manila, Jaime Sin officiating, to 9 p.m., when his body was interred at the Manila Memorial Park. More than two million people lined the streets during the procession which was aired by the Church-sponsored Radio Veritas, the only station to do so. The procession reached Rizal Park, where the Philippine flag was brought to half-staff.

Jovito Salonga, then head of the Liberal Party, referred to Aquino as "the greatest president we never had",[39] adding:

Ninoy was getting impatient in Boston, he felt isolated by the flow of events in the Philippines. In early 1983, Marcos was seriously ailing, the Philippine economy was just as rapidly declining, and insurgency was becoming a serious problem. Ninoy thought that by coming home he might be able to persuade Marcos to restore democracy and somehow revitalize the Liberal Party.[39]

Historical reputation and legacy
Ninoy Aquino on a 2000 stamp of the Philippines
Ninoy Aquino Monument (Pampanga Provincial Capitol)

Although Aquino was recognized as the most prominent and most dynamic politician of his generation, in the years prior to martial law he was regarded by many as being a representative of the entrenched familial elite which to this day dominates Philippine politics. While atypically telegenic and uncommonly articulate, he had his share of detractors and was not known to be immune to ambitions and excesses of the ruling political class. However, during his seven years and seven months imprisoned as a criminal, Aquino read the book Born Again by convicted Watergate conspirator Charles Colson and it inspired him to a rude awakening.[40]

As a result, the remainder of his personal and political life had a distinct spiritual sheen. He emerged as a contemporary counterpart of Jose Rizal, who was among the most vocal proponents of the use of non-violence to combat a repressive regime at the time, following the model of Gandhi and Martin Luther King. It was his assassination that was pivotal to the eventual restoration of constitutional democracy in the Philippines.

Monuments and memorials

The Manila International Airport (MIA) where he was assassinated was renamed Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) and his image is printed on the 500-peso note together with his wife. August 21, the anniversary of his death, is Ninoy Aquino Day, an annual public holiday in the Philippines.[41][42]

Several monuments were built because of their demands to be honored. Most renowned is the bronze memorial in Makati City near the Philippine Stock Exchange, which has become a popular venue for anti-government rallies and large demonstrations. Another bronze statue is in front of the Municipal Building of Concepcion, Tarlac.

The Ninoy Aquino Library and Learning Resources Center, the main university library of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, was also named in his honor.

Honors

National Honors

International Honors

Personal life

On October 11, 1954, he married Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco (Cory), with whom he had five children:[43]

  • Maria Elena (Ballsy, born August 18, 1955), married to Eldon Cruz, with sons Justin Benigno (Jiggy) and Eldon Jr. (Jonty)
  • Aurora Corazon (Pinky, born December 27, 1957), married to Manuel Abellada, with son Miguel and daughter Nina
  • Benigno Simeon III (Noynoy, born February 8, 1960), the 15th President of the Philippines
  • Victoria Elisa (Viel, born October 27, 1961), married to Joseph Dee, with son Francis (Kiko), daughter Jacinta Patricia (Jia)
  • Kristina Bernadette (Kris, born February 14, 1971), formerly married to James Yap (separated in 2010), with sons Joshua Philip Aquino Salvador (Josh) and James Aquino Yap Jr. (Bimby)

In a June 1981 interview with Pat Robertson on The 700 Club, Aquino said he was raised Catholic. According to him, his religious awakening began after reading Evangelical Christian author Charles Colson's 1976 book Born Again, during his solitary confinement under the Marcos regime.[44]

Ancestry
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See also
  • Korea, a 1952 war film with a "story by" credit for Aquino.

Notes
  1. Original term until December 30, 1973; cut short pursuant to the Declaration of Martial Law on September 23, 1972.

References
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  2. Lentz, Harris M. (1988). Assassinations and executions: an encyclopedia of political violence, 1865–1986.
  3. "Benigno Simeon Aquino Jr.". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  4. Jessup, John E. (1998). An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945–1996.
  5. Sadongdong, Martin (August 21, 2017). "'Noynoy' criticizes Kian's death at the hands of Caloocan cops". Manila Bulletin.
  6. "Doña Aurora A. Aquino on her son Ninoy". Malacañang Website. Government of the Philippines. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  7. Rimban, Luz (July 5–6, 2004). "In Tarlac, CARP Gives Land To The Wealth". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. Perdon, Renato (May 17, 2010). "The Aquinos of Tarlac in the Philippines". Munting Nayon. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  9. Soliven, Maximo V. (August 26, 2008). "Ninoy: In the Eye of Memory" Archived March 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  10. "Benigno Simeon 'Ninoy' Aquino Jr". Manila Bulletin. August 21, 2011.
  11. "On October 14, 1954, for successfully bringing Luis Taruc down from the hills, Ninoy Aquino got his second Legion of Honor award". Presidential Museum and Library/PCDSPO. August 29, 2012. Archived from the original on May 6, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
  12. "Senator Benigno 'Ninoy' Aquino Jr. remembered for his heroism and courage on his 79th Birth Anniversary". Manila Bulletin. November 27, 2011.
  13. Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 18. ISBN 978-1610692861.
  14. Teodoro, Luist (March 4, 2016). "Aquino vs Marcos reprised". Vantage Point. BusinessWorld. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  15. "Remembering Ninoy Aquino: His Life and Words". www.spot.ph. August 19, 2010. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  16. Hamilton-Paterson, James (August 21, 2014). America's Boy: The Marcoses and the Philippines. ISBN 9780571320196.
  17. Gonzales, Yuji Vincent. "Joma Sison: CPP, Ninoy have no role in Plaza Miranda bombing". Retrieved January 31, 2018.
  18. Donnelly, Jack; Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. (1987). International Handbook of Human Rights. ABC-CLIO. pp. 280–281. ISBN 9780313247880.
  19. Ciment, James (March 10, 2015). World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era. Routledge. ISBN 9781317451518.
  20. "Philippines during martial law". www.philippine-history.org. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  21. "Televised proclamation of martial law by Marcos". YouTube. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  22. "Max Soliven recalls Ninoy Aquino: Unbroken". Philippines Star. October 10, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  23. New York Times (August 22, 1983). "BENIGNO AQUINO, BITTER FOE OF MARCOS". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. Roces, Alejandro (August 24, 2006). "Lakas ng Bayan candidates". Philippine Star. The historically unprecedented noise barrage was an attestation they unanimously won that election, but they all lost in the counting.
  25. Philippine Star. "Ninoy Aquino: Fight for Freedom". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. Philippine Star (August 21, 2014). "Important moments in Ninoy Aquino's life". Retrieved August 30, 2016. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. Philippine Star. "Ninoy Aquino: Fight for Freedom". Retrieved August 30, 2016. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. "An NATv Exclusive: Ninoy Aquino's memorable speech in Los Angeles! (1 of 9)". YouTube. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
  29. "REMEMBERING THE 30TH DEATH ANNIVERSARY OF SEN. BENIGNO "NINOY" AQUINO, JR". August 21, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  30. "BBC ON THIS DAY | 21 | 1983: Filipino opposition leader shot dead". BBC News. August 21, 1968. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
  31. "Services – INQUIRER.net". Archived from the original on May 16, 2006.
  32. AQUINO'S FINAL JOURNEY, KEN KASHIWAHARA, October 16, 1983, The New York Times
  33. Towards Relevant Education: A General Sourcebook for Teachers (1986), Education Forum, p. 305
  34. "1998 Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding – Corazon Aquino". Rmaf.org.ph. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
  35. "Ninoy Aquino: Worth Dying For (the last interview!) Original Upload". YouTube. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
  36. Laurie, Jim. "Last televised interview and assassination". YouTube. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  37. Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and Society in the Philippines. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-7425-6872-3. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  38. "10 Aquino-Galman convicts free finally". Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 4, 2009.
  39. "The Greatest President We Never Had". Liberal Party of the Philippines.
  40. "Ninoy Aquino's guest appearance on The 700 Club Part 1". YouTube. December 23, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
  41. "Events and Holidays - GOV.PH". www.gov.ph. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
  42. Republic Act No. 9256
  43. "Philippines Civil Registration (National), 1945–1984; pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1-17858-47868-26 — FamilySearch.org". familysearch.org.
  44. "Ninoy Aquino Jr. Sought Freedom, He Found It In CHRIST!", The 700 Club Asia, The 700 Club, event occurs at 6:13, August 20, 2015, retrieved November 23, 2016
Political offices
Preceded by
Arsenio Lugay		 Governor of Tarlac
February 17, 1961–December 30, 1967		 Succeeded by
Eduardo Cojuangco Jr.
Senate of the Philippines
Preceded by
not applicable		 Senator of the Philippines
December 30, 1967–September 23, 1972		 Succeeded by
not applicable

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