Bend, British Columbia

Bend, the remnants of a community 2.1 miles (3.4 km) northwest of Dome Creek in central British Columbia, comprises several scattered rural properties stretching along the Fraser River on the northwest side of the railway bridge. The area was named after the 90-degree curve on the railway track, 1 mile (1.6 km) northwest of the railway bridge.[1]

Bend, British Columbia
Railway Point
Location of Bend in British Columbia
Coordinates: 53°46′00″N 121°04′00″W
CountryCanada
ProvinceBritish Columbia
Land DistrictCariboo
Regional DistrictFraser-Fort George
Geographic RegionRobson Valley
Elevation
636 m (2,087 ft)
Area code(s)250, 778, 236, & 672

Transportation

A trackside signpost marks the flag stop for Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train.[2] The immediate Via Rail stops are Penny to the northwest and Dome Creek to the southeast.

History

Railway

Bend, like Guilford to its northwest, and Kidd to its southeast, was an original train station (1914) on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway[3][4] (the Canadian National Railway after nationalization). Bend lies at Mile 57.7, Fraser Subdivision[5] (about Mile 147 during the line's construction).

Commencing the 1928 special Dominion Day train to Prince George from Bend suggests the community's significance at the time.[6] At the rail bridge in 1931, a train struck and killed Elfrida Strand, who was searching for stray horses with her husband.[7] In 1948, another rail accident occurred when two forestry speeders carrying 17 men to a forest fire at Loos collided near Bend, resulting in hospitalizations.[8] In 1946, a spirited moose paced a westbound train. Tripping on the encrusted snow at Mile 58, it fell behind the tender, derailing four freight cars.[9]

Built in 1914, the standard-design Plan 100‐152 (Bohi's Type E)[10][11] station building could not have survived the 1942 fire, or been the structure dismantled in 1962. The fate of an unidentified freight and passenger shelter is unclear.[12]

Service1914–c.1915c.1916–c.1921c.1921–19311932–19421943–c.1948c.1949–19681968–19771977–present
[3][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]
[32][33][34][35][36][37]		[38][39][40][41][5][42][43][44]
[45][46][47][48]
PassengerRegular stopFlag stopFlag stopFlag stopFlag stopFlag stop
Way freightFlag stop probablyFlag stop probablyRegular stopRegular stopRegular stopFlag stopFlag stop
Siding Mile No. 1922 1933 1943 1960 1965–72 1977 1990–92
(Capacity Length) Cars [15] Cars [20] Cars [23] Cars [30] Cars [35][38][40] Feet [5] Feet [44][45]
Bend 57.7 67 65 57 52 128 5,830 6,090
Other Tracks Mile No. 1933 1943 1960 1965–68
(Capacity Length) Cars [20] Cars [23] Cars [30] Cars [35][38]
Bend Lumber Co. 57.2 12 12
Bend 57.7 3 16
P.J. Strand 59.9 7

Forestry

The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some 100 miles (160 km) east of Prince George was known as the East Line.[49]

The York Lumber Co., Baldry Bros. proprietors,[50] commenced operations in the 1923/24 winter.[51] Wallace (Wally) N. Jaeck (1876–1954), formerly at Longworth,[52] acquired the mill at a 1925 receivership auction.[53] In partnership with son C. Earl (1904–52), later at Penny,[54] he opened an enlarged mill in August 1928,[55][56] which operated as the Bend Lumber Co.[57] It is unclear whether P.J. Strand ran a small sawmill at Mile 59.9 or only logged in the vicinity.[20]

In 1934, John F. McMillan purchased a controlling interest in Bend Lumber. At this time, Sinclair Spruce Mills were logging for the company.[58] A Board of Trade delegation included this 45,000-foot-daily capacity mill on their 1937 tour.[59] Rory (Roy) R.M. McGillivray (1903–94), later at Penny,[60][61] and family arrived that year.[62] C. Earl Jaeck, a cousin of Roy’s wife Elizabeth (1906–91),[63][64] was the president of the mill and Roy became the manager.[65]

Donald Jaeck (c.1926–1938), Earl's son, died of appendicitis.[66] The following year, Leonard H. Jaeck (1880–1958), formerly at Longworth,[67][68] and Earl's uncle,[52] fractured his leg at work,[69] and Patrick Murdock (1883–1939),[70] the mill accountant, collapsed at his desk and died.[71] Lillian (1903–69),[72] Earl's wife, daughter of lumber pioneer Eugene Bashaw,[73] headed the local Red Cross fundraising effort during World War II.[74]

In 1942, when a 60 mph (97 km/h) wind swept through the area, toppled trees fell on telephone wires, cutting off communication with the outside. The gale dispersed embers from the mill burner into the mill building and across the settlement, razing the sawmill, finished lumber, the immediate village, and a number of railway freight cars on the siding. Only the cookhouse, a small dwelling and some shacks remained. It also created spot fires in Dome Creek across the Fraser. Most of the men were away fighting forest fires. Relief supplies for the 200 victims, who had lost everything, were dispatched from McBride,[65] garnering praise for the Red Cross and Salvation Army.[75] The CNR had immediately provided a special train to collect residents and their rescued possessions.[76] Over the following years, salvageable material was reclaimed from the site.[77] The mill not rebuilt, only the farming community and those employed in Dome Creek remained.

Hunting & farming

Trapper Martin (Deafy) Dayton (1886–1940)[78] relocated from Kidd in the late 1930s.[79]

Oscar Benson (1889–1950)[80] travelled by scow[81] from Tête Jaune to Fort George around 1913, and proceeded to take up a preemption at Bend, where he built a log cabin. Marrying Siri Magnuson (1893–1978)[82] in 1919, they farmed[83] their quarter section near the railway bridge.[84] The 1936 flood filled their basement and submerged the low-lying parts of their farm bordering the river. Household water was collected by the bucket from the river.[85] Their children raised in Bend were Carrie S. (1923–2012)[86] and Carl A. (1928–2015).[87] Carrie relocated to Penny,[88][89] where in 1946 she married Arne Mellows of Penny.[90] Breaking his leg in an industrial accident at the Dome Creek sawmill, Carl spent a year at St. Paul's Hospital (Vancouver),[91] before returning.[92] In 1948, he also moved to Penny and became co-owner of the store with his brother-in-law.[93] Selling his interest, Carl and his parents acquired the Aleza Lake store in late 1949, and moved there in early 1950.[94]

James B. (1884–1955)[95] (grave marker shows 1883)[96] & Adeline (1891–1979)[97] Hooker arrived in 1913. He divided the first five years in working for the Great Northern Railway in Minot, North Dakota, and establishing the farm[98] at Bend.[99] Their children were Mabel (1910–10),[100] Lawrence (1911–2001),[101] Ruth (1913–79),[102] G. Edward (1915–36),[83][103] Glen (1922–2010),[104] Marion (1924–2002),[105] Elizabeth (1925– ), Kenneth (1927– ), Clifford (1930–47),[106] Clarence (1932–93),[107] and Theodore W. (1936–37), who died in infancy.[108][109][110]

James became a well-known hunter, trapper and guide,[111] catering to American parties.[112] In 1940, he accompanied a constable in a futile search of 130 miles (210 km) of the Fraser River bars and banks for a missing logger, who was presumed drowned.[113] When the Rotary barrel floated the 145 miles (233 km) from Dome Creek/Bend to Prince George in 1943, 1944 and 1945, James was the official monitor for the first half of the journey.[114] On his death, Adeline remained[115] until moving to Prince George.[116]

Lawrence (Larry) J. married[117] Thelma Dorene Hutchinson (c.1917–?) in 1934. They settled in Sinclair Mills, where he worked as a guide, trapper and mill employee. One child did not survive infancy. In 1942, the family relocated to Los Angeles.[118][119] Ruth married[120] Wentworth Stephen Ganton (1907–69)[121] and moved extensively with their children. They divorced and she relocated to Los Angeles in 1955.[122][123] Edward, who was the first baby born in the area,[124] teamed up with his father as a guide and outfitter. While breaking up a logjam at Penny, the logger slipped and drowned. Only 21, his body was found over seven months later.[125][126]

Glen at 12, misreported as Allen, saved a companion from drowning in the river.[127] He enlisted 1945–46,[128] was a principal of Hooker Bros Sawmill during the 1950s to early 1960s, and remained in the Dome Creek area.[129] His marriage to Mary Myttennor produced two sons[130] and a daughter, and the one to Myra VanDeReit likewise. Glen and Myra relocated to McBride in 2008. From around 1990, they divided their time with their Arizona property.[104] Marion worked in Vancouver, returned and married Jim Chambers (1924–?) of Penny in 1946. They spent their young married life raising their children in the Dome Creek area, before relocating.[131][132] Elizabeth (Bette) Rose, enlisting in the CWAC in 1942, relocated to the coast. Married to Lyell Alexander Winters, they raised a family. After his death in 1977, she remarried.[133]

Kenneth enlisted 1944–46.[134] After his first marriage failed,[135] he married Doris Winona Reaugh (1923–93).[136] Their son Kenneth (1959–93)[137] died of pneumonia.[138] Kenneth Sr. partnered in the Hooker Bros Sawmill in the 1950s to early 1960s, and remained in the Dome Creek area. A hunting guide, he built a lodge and was critical of clear-cuts. In the 1980s, he was fined for baiting bears and his guide licence was suspended for three years.[139] Clifford relocated to Vancouver and died at 17 in an industrial accident.[140] Clarence (Catsy) served in the Korean War, married Jean Louise Turner (1933–2001), and had a family. Settling in the Dome Creek area, he was a logging contractor. While Jean cooked at the Hooker Bros. camp, he hauled logs for Nance Lumber of Dome Creek. The family relocated to Prince George.[141][142]

Community

Built near the train station, the school opened in 1925, with Miss Alfreda Larsen as the inaugural teacher. After the building burned down in the 1942 fire, class was held in an outlying house that had survived the blaze.[143] Becoming part of the former McBride School District in 1945, it closed the following year, having 11 students in Grades 1–8. Thereafter, students attended the Dome Creek School. A scheduled reopening for 1948 did not transpire, because no suitable teacher was available,[1][144] and plans commenced to make the consolidation of the schools permanent.[145] School District 57 disposed of the surplus school site at Bend in 1985.[146] Schoolchildren would cross the Fraser on the ice in winter and by boat in summer. During spring, the hazardous railway bridge provided the only crossing point.[147]

Dorothy Sylvia Jaeck (1892–1946),[148] wife of Leonard H. Jaeck[149] (see #LHJaeck), opened a general store in 1927,[150] which Fred Hanson (c.1888–1931)[151] appears to have acquired the next year.[152]

Otto Ellefson (possibly 1879–1957)[153] opened a store in 1929,[154] and also operated a boarding house.[155] Fred was the inaugural postmaster 1930–31, with Hans Bernhardt Hanson assuming the position 1931–42 on his death. Commonly, the postmaster in such towns was also a storeowner.[156] The post-office closed 5 months after his resignation.[157]

Opened in 1941, the community hall hosted various functions.[158] In his role as rector of All Saints Anglican, McBride, Rev. J.J. Cowan sometimes held evening services in the Bend schoolhouse,[159] a venue also used for dances during the 1940s.[160] The population dropped to about 20 after the fire.[161]

Crime, calamity & safety measures

After a 1924 altercation between Joseph (Joe) Studal (c.1890–1925)[162] and William Reade of Dome Creek, Studal was released on bail. After the serious assault charges were dismissed, Reade beat up Studal and received a 30-day sentence.[163] Before year end Studal died at Richie.[164]

A 1938 after-dance party led to a physical altercation and court appearance.[165]

In 1960, a black bear mauled Heller Hrechka (Hreczka alternate spelling) (1931–79),[166][167] a CNR section hand (track maintenance), while he walked along the railway right-of-way, just west of the bridge. Barely recognizable, he was hospitalized with gashes to the head, shoulders and chest.[168][169]

Roads

No permanent outside road access has existed. However, individuals have illegally driven vehicles across the CNR rail bridge. To save on transportation costs, Doug Abernethy of Guilford Lumber once drove a small Cat dozer over the bridge, but was able to talk his way out of being charged.[170]

Electricity, broadcast transmissions & communications devices

The respective Dome Creek section covers these networks.

Footnotes
  1. Prince George Citizen, 20 Feb 2013
  2. "Bend train station". www.viarail.ca.
  3. 1914 Timetable. p. 4.
  4. "c.1919 GTP map (© 1911 prior version)". www.utoronto.ca.
  5. "1977 Timetable" (PDF). www.cwrailway.ca. p. 79.
  6. Prince George Citizen, 28 Jun 1928
  7. Prince George Citizen: 6, 13 & 27 Aug 1931
  8. Prince George Citizen, 24 Jun 1948
  9. Prince George Citizen, 7 Mar 1946
  10. "Type "E" Mythology". www.oil-electric.com.
  11. "Vanishing BC GTP Railway stations". www.michaelkluckner.com.
  12. Bohi, Charles W.; Kozma, Leslie S. (2002). Canadian National's Western Stations. Fitzhenry & Whiteside. pp. 121 & 136. ISBN 1550416324.
  13. Waghorn's Guide. The Guide Co. Ltd. 1916. p. 74.
  14. 1920 Timetable. Bulkley Valley Museum. p. 8.
  15. 1922 Timetable: Northern BC Archives. p. 8
  16. 1923 Timetable. p. 70.
  17. 1925 Timetable. p. 105.
  18. Prince George Citizen: 12 & 19 Nov 1931
  19. 1932 Timetable. p. 58.
  20. 1933 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 8.
  21. 1935 Timetable. p. 60.
  22. 1942 Timetable. p. 58.
  23. 1943 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 9.
  24. 1945 Timetable. p. 61.
  25. "1946 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
  26. 1949 Timetable. p. 59.
  27. "1950 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
  28. "1956 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 53.
  29. "1957 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 53.
  30. 1960 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 21–22
  31. "1961 Timetable (main)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 39.
  32. "1961 Timetable (way freight)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 48.
  33. "1963 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 42.
  34. 1964 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 44
  35. 1965 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 25–26
  36. "1966 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 38.
  37. 1967 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 38
  38. 1968 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 25–26
  39. "1971 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 19.
  40. 1972 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 25–26
  41. 1973 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 18
  42. "1986 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 50, but scan p. 52.
  43. "1988 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 55, but scan p. 52.
  44. 1990 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 95–97
  45. 1992 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 103–105
  46. "1996 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 40.
  47. "2011 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 44, but scan p. 24.
  48. Recent timetables
  49. Hak, Gordon Hugh (1986). "On the Fringes: Capital and Labour in the Forest Economies of the Port Alberni and Prince George Districts, BC, 1910–1939". www.summit.sfu.ca. p. 14.
  50. "1924 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  51. Prince George Citizen: 22 Nov 1923 & 24 Jan 1924
  52. Prince George Citizen, 1 Feb 1954
  53. Prince George Citizen: 7 & 28 May 1925
  54. "Death Certificate (Charles Earl JAECK)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  55. Prince George Citizen, 23 Aug 1928 & 2 May 1988(56)
  56. Bernsohn, Ken (1981). Cutting up the North: The History of the Forest Industry in the Northern Interior. Hancock House. p. 34. ISBN 9780888391148.
  57. Prince George Citizen: 22 Mar 1928 & 2 May 1988
  58. Prince George Citizen, 10 May 1934
  59. Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1937
  60. "Death Certificate (Rory Roderick McClennan McGILLIVRAY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  61. Prince George Citizen, 8 Jun 1994
  62. PRC 1995, p. 127.
  63. "Death Certificate (Elizabeth Forrest McGILLIVRAY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  64. Prince George Citizen, 15 Dec 1949
  65. Prince George Citizen, 9 Jul 1942
  66. Prince George Citizen, 9 Jun 1938
  67. "Death Certificate (Leonard Hubert JAECK)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  68. Prince George Citizen, 20 Feb 1958
  69. Prince George Citizen, 10 Aug 1939
  70. "Cemetery Project (Patrick MURDOCK)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  71. Prince George Citizen, 26 Oct 1939
  72. "Death Certificate (Lillian Gertrude JAECK)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  73. Prince George Citizen, 29 Dec 1938
  74. Prince George Citizen, 27 Mar 1941
  75. Prince George Citizen, 16 Jul 1942
  76. "Video: Ken HOOKER". www.vimeo.com.
  77. Prince George Citizen: 18 Feb 1943 & 19 Oct 1944
  78. "Cemetery Project (Martin DAYTON)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  79. Prince George Citizen: 12 Oct 1939; & 6 & 13 Jun 1940
  80. "Death Certificate (Oscar BENSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  81. "Image: Athabasca scow boats". www.fhnas.ca.
  82. "Death Certificate (Siri Mathilda BENSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  83. "1921 Census". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
  84. Prince George Citizen: 29 Apr 1937 & 10 Feb 2015
  85. Mellows, Arne & Carrie (2000). "Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project Transcript" (PDF). www.nbca.unbc.ca. p. 16.
  86. Prince George Citizen, 12 Dec 2012
  87. Prince George Citizen, 4 Dec 2015
  88. Prince George Citizen, 22 Apr 1943
  89. PRC 1995, p. 163.
  90. Prince George Citizen, 5 Sep 1946
  91. Prince George Citizen, 10 Feb 2015
  92. Prince George Citizen, 2 Aug 1945
  93. Prince George Citizen, 27 May 1948
  94. Prince George Citizen: 21 Sep 1950, 5 Apr 1978 & 10 Feb 2015
  95. "Death Certificate (James Burton HOOKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  96. "Cemetery Project (James B. HOOKER)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  97. "Cemetery Project (Adeline HOOKER)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  98. Prince George Citizen: 2, 9 & 16 Dec 1943; & 6 & 9 Jun 1955
  99. Prince George Citizen: 26 Aug 1937; 1 Jun 1939; 30 May 1940; 1 Aug 1940; 7 Nov 1940; 24 Apr 1941; 21 May 1942; 19 & 26 Oct 1944; 15 Mar 1945; 5 Apr 1945; 31 Jan 1946; & 8 Aug 1946
  100. "Genealogy: Hufford Family History". www.huffordgenealogy.com.
  101. Prince George Citizen, 7 Sep 2001
  102. Prince George Citizen, 9 Mar 1979
  103. "Death Certificate (Edward George HOOKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  104. "Grave & kin (Glen Burton HOOKER)". www.findagrave.com.
  105. "Cemetery Project (Marion Margaret CHAMBERS)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  106. "Death Certificate (Clifford HOOKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  107. "Cemetery Project (Clarence C. HOOKER)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  108. "Cemetery Project (Theodore Wentworth HOOKER)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  109. "Grave & kin (Theodore Wentworth HOOKER)". www.findagrave.com.
  110. "Grave & kin (James Burton HOOKER)". www.findagrave.com.
  111. Prince George Citizen: 9 Jun 1938, 29 Dec 1938, & 27 May 1943
  112. Prince George Citizen: 12 May 1938, 16 Mar 1939, 17 Jul 1941, 19 Oct 1944, 7 Nov 1946, 15 May 1947 & 8 Jan 1948
  113. Prince George Citizen, 2 May 1940
  114. Prince George Citizen: 8 Jul 1943, 6 Jul 1944 & 12 Jul 1945
  115. Prince George Citizen: 16 Sep 1958 & 28 Oct 1958
  116. Prince George Citizen, 27 Feb 1979
  117. "Marriage Certificate (HOOKER/HUTCHINSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  118. Prince George Citizen: 28 Jul 1927, 8 Feb 1934, 30 Mar 1939, 6 Apr 1939, 10 Aug 1939, 28 Dec 1939, 27 Feb 1979 & 7 Sep 2001
  119. "Grave & kin (Lawrence James HOOKER)". www.findagrave.com.
  120. "Marriage Certificate (GANTON/HOOKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  121. "Cemetery Project (Wentworth S. GANTON)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  122. "Grave & kin (Ruth Syble HARDIN)". www.findagrave.com.
  123. Prince George Citizen: 29 Jul 1926, 7 Oct 1943, 7 Dec 1944, 22 Mar 1945, 12 Jul 1945, 26 Sep 1946, 9 Jun 1955, 22 Aug 1969, 27 Feb 1979 & 9 Mar 1979
  124. Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1958
  125. Prince George Citizen, 13 May 1937
  126. "Grave & kin (George Edward HOOKER)". www.findagrave.com.
  127. Prince George Citizen, 30 Aug 1934
  128. Prince George Citizen: 2 Aug 1945, 6 Sep 1945 & 31 Jan 1946
  129. Prince George Citizen: 19 Feb 1962, 1 Oct 1964, 23 Oct 1968, 18 Nov 1999 & 7 Sep 2001
  130. Prince George Citizen: 26 Jun 1947 & 21 Aug 1952
  131. Prince George Citizen: 16 Mar 1939, 22 Apr 1943, 26 Aug 1943, 11 May 1944, 9 Nov 1944, 26 Sep 1946, 9 Jun 1955, 27 Feb 1979, 18 Sep 1993 & 7 Nov 2001
  132. "Grave & kin (Marion Margaret CHAMBERS)". www.findagrave.com.
  133. Prince George Citizen: 30 May 1940, 1 Oct 1942, 10 Jun 1943, 23 Aug 1945, 22 May 1947, 9 Jun 1955, 12 Jan 1977, 27 Feb 1979, 18 Sep 1993, 7 Sep 2001 & 30 Dec 2002
  134. Prince George Citizen: 29 Jun 1944, 7 Dec 1944, 23 Aug 1945 & 31 Jan 1946
  135. Prince George Citizen: 20 to 27 Nov 1952
  136. "Death Certificate (Doris Winona HOOKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  137. "Death Certificate (Kenneth Wayne HOOKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  138. "Death Certificate (med) (Kenneth Wayne HOOKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  139. Prince George Citizen: 19 Feb 1962, 10 Jul 1973, 27 Feb 1979, 29 Nov 1982, 30 Aug 1983 & 7 Nov 2001
  140. Prince George Citizen: 10 Jun 1943, 2 Aug 1945, & 15 & 22 May 1947
  141. Prince George Citizen: 29 Jun 1944, 22 Feb 1945, 8 Aug 1946, 12 Jun 1952, 6 Jul 1953, 8 Apr 1954, 7 Oct 1954, 1 Mar 1956, 5 Feb 1958, 8 Oct 1958, 28 Jan 1959, 27 Feb 1979, 18 Sep 1993 & 30 Jun 2001
  142. "Grave & kin (Clarence C. HOOKER)". www.findagrave.com.
  143. Litnosky, Victor (2000). "Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project Transcript" (PDF). www.nbca.unbc.ca. p. 4.
  144. Hall, Barbara; Pallo, Rose (2010). School District No. 57 (Prince George) historical memories. (Volume I): people, places, programs & services. Prince George Retired Teachers' Association, Education Heritage Committee.
  145. Prince George Citizen, 12 Aug 1948
  146. Prince George Citizen: 26 Sep 1984; & 11 to 19 Jul 1985
  147. Prince George Citizen, 19 Feb 1987
  148. "Death Certificate (Dorothy Sylvia JAECK)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  149. Prince George Citizen, 25 Jul 1946
  150. "1927 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  151. "Death Certificate (Alfred HANSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  152. "1928 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  153. "Death Certificate (Otto Martin ELLEFSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  154. "1929 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  155. "1930 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  156. Prince George Citizen, 4 Feb 1943
  157. "Postmasters". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
  158. Prince George Citizen: 23 Oct 1941, 6 Nov 1941 & 25 Dec 1941
  159. Prince George Citizen: 30 Oct 1941 & 27 Nov 1941
  160. Prince George Citizen: 14 Dec 1944 & 27 Sep 1945
  161. "1944 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca. to "1946 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  162. "Death Certificate (Joseph STUDAL)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  163. Prince George Citizen: 16 Oct 1924, 19 Feb 1925 & 12 Mar 1925
  164. "Ritchie station". www.gent.ca.
  165. Prince George Citizen, 10 Mar 1938
  166. "Cemetery Project (Heller HRECHKA)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  167. Prince George Citizen, 15 Feb 1979
  168. Prince George Citizen, 25 Oct 1960
  169. Humphreys, Jim & Dianne (2000). "Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project Transcript" (PDF). www.nbca.unbc.ca. p. 15.
  170. Boudreau, Clarence & Olga (2003). Into the Mists of Time. Self-published. p. 15. ISBN 0973076917.
gollark: And both seem like a reasonable response to "people will be eternally tortured if they do not do this".
gollark: I don't *agree* with religious evangelism, I'm saying that it does not seem inconsistent with "true Catholicism" as qh4os says.
gollark: How? Consistently, if you believe that people not believing your thing will go to hell, and hell is bad, you should probably tell them. I'm not sure exactly what Catholic doctrine wrt. that *is* though, I think it varies.
gollark: And our experiments with understanding the underlying ethical particles have been halted after it transpired that colliding ethical entities at 99.99% of *c* actually had ethical associations itself, which caused bad interference.
gollark: Experimental moral philosophy has ethical issues, unfortunately.

References
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