Belz

Belz (Ukrainian: Белз; Polish: Bełz ; Yiddish: בעלז‎ Belz) is a small city in Sokal Raion of Lviv Oblast (region) of Western Ukraine, near the border with Poland, is located between the Solokiya river (a tributary of the Bug River) and the Richytsia stream. Its population is approximately 2,308 (2017 est.)[1].

For other uses, see Belz (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Bălți.
Belz

Белз
City
Belz cityhall
Flag
Coat of arms
Belz
Location within Lviv Oblast
Belz
Belz (Ukraine)
Coordinates: 50.38°N 24.02°E / 50.38; 24.02
Country Ukraine
Oblast Lviv Oblast
Named forSee in article
Government
 • MayorVolodymyr Mukha
Area
 • Total5.85 km2 (2.26 sq mi)
Elevation
200 m (700 ft)
Population
 (2013)
 • Total2,343
 • Density403,25/km2 (104,440/sq mi)
Zip Code
80065
Area code(s)+380 3257

Origin of name

There are a few theories as to the origin of the name:

  • Celtic – belz (water) or pelz (stream),
  • German – Pelz/Belz (fur, furry)
  • Old Slavic and the Boyko language – «белз» or «бевз» (muddy place),
  • Old East Slavic – «бълизь» (white place, a glade in the midst of dark woods).

The name occurs only in two other places, the first being a Celtic area in antiquity, and the second one being derived from its Romanian name:

History
Historical affiliations
Duchy of Poland 970 - 981

Kievan Rus 981-1018
Duchy of Poland 1018-1025
Kingdom of Poland 1025-1031
Kievan Rus 1031-1170
Duchy of Belz 1170-1234
Principality of Galicia–Volhynia 1234-1340
Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1340-1366
Kingdom of Poland 1366-1377
Kingdom of Hungary 1378-1387
Kingdom of Poland 1387-1569
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569-1772
Habsburg Monarchy 1772-1804
 Austrian Empire 1804-1867
 Austria-Hungary 1867-1918
West Ukrainian People's Republic 1918-1919
 Second Polish Republic 1919-1939
 Nazi Germany 1939-1944
 Polish People's Republic 1944-1951
 Soviet Union 1951-1991

 Ukraine 1991-present

Early history

Belz is situated in a fertile plain which tribes of Indo-European origin settled in ancient times: Celtic Lugii,[2][3] next (2nd-5th century) Germanic Goths,[4][5] slavized Sarmatians (White Croats),[6] and at last Slavic Dulebes[7] (later Buzhans), who eventually become part of the Kievan Rus' in 907, when Dulebs took part in Oleg's military campaign against Czargrad (Constantinople).[8]. Mainly рolish historiography located here also Lendians tribe[9] whо also paid tribute to Kievan Rus'.[10]

The town has existed at least since the 10th century as one of the Cherven Cities[11] which were under Polish rule in the 970s.[12] In 981 Belz was incorporated into Kievan Rus'.[13] In 1170 the town became the seat of a duchy. In 1234 it was incorporated into the Duchy of Galicia–Volhynia, which would control Belz until 1340 when it came under Lithuanian rule.

Belz was under Polish rule from 1366 to 1772, first as a fief, and since 1462 as the capital of a voivodeship. On October 5, 1377 the town was granted rights under the Magdeburg law by Władysław Opolczyk, the governor of Red Ruthenia. A charter dated November 10, 1509 once again granted Belz privileges under the Magdeburg rights.[14]

In 1772, Belz was incorporated into the Habsburg Empire (later Austrian Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire) where it was a part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.

Further information: First Partition of Poland

Belz received a railway connection in 1884 with the opening of the railway line Jarosław–Kowel.[15]

Modern history

With the collapse of Austria-Hungary following World War I in November 1918, Belz was included in the Western Ukrainian People's Republic. It came under Polish control in 1919 during the Polish-Ukrainian War. In April 1920, the Second Polish Republic, represented by Józef Piłsudski, and the Ukrainian People's Republic, represented by Symon Petlura signed the Treaty of Warsaw, in which they agreed that the Polish-Ukrainian border in Western Ukraine would follow the Zbruch River. This left Belz, along with the rest of Eastern Galicia in the Polish Republic.[16]

From 1919 to 1939 Belz was annexed to the Lviv Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic.

From 1939 to 1944 Belz was occupied by Germany as a part of the General Government. Belz is situated on left, north waterside of the Solokiya river (affluent of the Bug river), which was the German-Soviet border in 1939–1941.

After the war Belz reverted to Poland (where it was again within the Lublin Voivodeship) until 1951 when, after a border readjustment, it passed to the Soviet Union (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic). (See: 1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange) Since 1991 it has been part of independent Ukraine.

Jewish history

The Ashkenazi Jewish community in Belz was established circa 14th century. In 1665, the Jews in Belz received equal rights and duties.[17] The town became home to a Hasidic dynasty in the early 19th century.[18][19] At that time, the Rav of Belz, Rabbi Shalom Rokeach (1779–1855), also known as the Sar Shalom, joined the Hasidic movement by studying with the Maggid of Lutzk,[20] and established the community and become the first Belzer Rebbe from 1817 to 1855.

Belz hasidic synagogue, the synagogue in Belz, dedicated in 1843, destroyed by the Nazis during World War II, and demolished in the 1950s. Rebbe (term for hassidic Rabbi) Shalom Rokeach personally helped build the city's large and imposing synagogue, dedicated in 1843. When Rebbe Shalom died in 1855, his youngest son, Rebbe Yehoshua Rokeach (1855–1894), became the next Rebbe. Belzer Hasidism grew in size during Rebbe Yehoshua's tenure and the tenure of his son and successor, Rebbe Yissachar Dov Rokeach (third Belzer Rebbe)(1894–1926). Rebbe Yissachar Dov's son and successor, Rebbe Aharon Rokeach (1880 to 1957), escaped from Nazi-occupied Europe to Israel in 1944, re-establishing the Hasidut first in Tel Aviv and then in Jerusalem. The successor of Rebbe Aharon is the current Rebbe Yissacher Dov Rokeach (born December 21 1947) named after his grandfather the third Rebbe, son of Rebbi Mordechai Rokeach of Bilgoraye who was the younger brother of Rebbe Aharon, the previous Rebbe. Rabbi Mordechai Rokeach of Bilgoraye died November 1949 while his son the current Rebbe was only two years old. A few years later in 1957 Rebbe Aharon died while the only living survivur of the Belz dynasty [the current Rebbe] was only nine years old. Nine years later in 1966 Rebbe Yissacher Dov Rokeach, the current Rebbe was crowned as the fifth Belz Rebbe. Under his leadership the Belz hasidus grew to become one of today's greatest hasidic empires with around fifteen thousand followers around the globe. At the beginning of World War I, Belz had 6100 inhabitants, including 3600 Jews, 1600 Ukrainians, and 900 Poles.[21] During the German and Soviet invasion of Poland (September 1939), most of the Jews of Belz fled to the Soviet Union in Autumn 1939 (the German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation). However, by May 1942, there were over 1,540 local Jewish residents and refugees in Belz. On June 2, 1942, 1,000 Jews were deported to Hrubieszów and from there to the Sobibór concentration camp. Another 504 were brought to Hrubieszów in September of that year, after they were no longer needed to work on the farms in the area.[22]

Cultural trivia

The Yiddish song “Beltz, Mayn Shtetele” is a moving evocation of a happy childhood spent in a shtetl. Originally this song was composed for a town which bears a similar-sounding name in Yiddish (belts), called Bălți in Moldovan/Romanian, and is located in Bessarabia[23] (presently the Moldova Republic). Later interpretations may have had Belz in mind, though. The song has special significance in Holocaust history, as a 16-year-old playing the song was overheard by an SS guard at Auschwitz extermination camp, who then forced the child to play it repeatedly to ease the moods of Jews being herded into the gas chambers.[24]

Belz is also a very important place for Ukrainian Catholics and Polish Catholics as a place where the Black Madonna of Częstochowa (this icon was believed to have painted by St. Luke the Evangelist) had resided for several centuries until 1382, when Władysław Opolczyk, duke of Opole, took the icon home to his principality after ending his service as the Royal emissary for Halychyna for Louis I of Hungary.[25]

Literature – Belles-lettres: a poem Maria: A Tale of the Ukraine written by Antoni Malczewski, and a novel Starościna Bełska: opowiadanie historyczne 1770–1774 by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski.

Notable residents
Leo I of Galicia
Jakub Sobieski
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach of Belz
gollark: We have an insane system where it's partly based on *predicted* grades, too.
gollark: Some universities have them, but otherwise it's based on A-level grades, sometimes other things and (ugh) "personal statements".
gollark: I mean, here in the UK, we actually don't have standardized university entrance exams (yes I am 14 minutes late to this now).
gollark: That's... pretty okay, then?
gollark: No, I mean out of how many people?

See also

References
  1. "Чисельність наявного населення України (Actual population of Ukraine)" (in Ukrainian). State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  2. Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, De Origine et situ Germanorum
  3. Alexander Falileyev, Celto-Slavica. University of Ulster, 2004
  4. Hrubieszowskie w dobie panowania Gotów
  5. Andrzej Kokowski, Archeologia Gotów. Goci w Kotlinie Hrubieszowskiej, Lublin 1999
  6. Kazimierz Godłowski, Z badań nad rozprzestrzenieniem się Słowian w V-VII w. n.e., Kraków 1979
  7. Paul M. Barford (January 2001). The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe. Cornell University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-8014-3977-3.
  8. Carl Waldman; Catherine Mason (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. p. 878. ISBN 978-1-4381-2918-1.
  9. Magdalena Mączyńska, Wędrówki Ludów. Kraków 1996
  10. Constantino VII (Emperador de Bizancio), Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (Emperor of the East), Gyula Moravcsik. De Administrando Imperio -P.57
  11. http://wyborcza.pl/1,75476,8601329,Nazywam_sie_Czerwien.html
  12. Under 981, the Primary Chronicle reports on Volodymyr's campaign against the Poles, which resulted in the capture of "their towns". In: S. Plokhy. "The origins of the Slavic nations: premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus". Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 57.
  13. Artur Pawłowski, Roztocze, Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rewasz", Warszawa 2009. ISBN 978-83-89188-87-8
  14. Yehorova, Iryna. "Belz is 1,000 years old".
  15. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=18810004&seite=00000467. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. Richard K Debo, Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1921, pp. 210-211, McGill-Queen's Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7735-0828-7.
  17. Dr Fryderyk Papée, Zabytki przeszłości miasta Bełza. Lwów 1884
  18. Rabinowicz, Rabbi Tsvi (1989). "Chassidic Rebbes: From the Baal Shem Tov to Modern Times". Targum Press.
  19. Yodlov, Yitshak Shlomo. "Sefer Yikhus Belz (The Lineage Book of the Grand Rabbis of Belz)".
  20. Preface to the Divras Shlomo signed by the Belzer Rebbe, 1997
  21. Dr Mieczysław Orłowicz. Ilustrowany Przewodnik po Galicyi. Lwów 1919.
  22. Spector, Shmuel and Wigoder, Geoffrey, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust, p. 105. NY:NYU Press 2001.
  23. Ami Living (87): 45. September 12, 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. BBC Magazine
  25. The Black Madonna Archived January 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

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