Battle of Ronas Voe

The Battle of Ronas Voe was a naval engagement between the English Royal Navy and the Dutch East India ship Wapen van Rotterdam on 14 March 1674 in Ronas Voe, Shetland as part of the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Having occurred 23 days after the signing of the Treaty of Westminster, it is likely to have been the final battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War.

Battle of Ronas Voe
Part of the Third Anglo-Dutch War
Modern-day view of Ronas Voe
Date 14 March [O.S. 4 March] 1674 Location Ronas Voe, Shetland 60°30′25″N 1°26′48″W Result English victory
Belligerents
Dutch East India Company	Kingdom of England
Commanders and leaders
Jacob Martens Cloet Unknown VOC private army captain	Arthur Herbert John Wetwang Richard Carter
Strength
1 East Indiaman	1 3rd-rate ship-of-the-line 2 4th-rate ships-of-the-line
Casualties and losses
Up to 300 dead Unknown casualties 1 ship captured	Unknown 0 ships
Ronas Voe Ronas Voe in relation to the Netherlands and England Show map of North Sea Ronas Voe Ronas Voe (Shetland) Show map of Shetland

Shortly after embarking on a journey towards the Dutch East Indies with trade goods and a company of soldiers, extreme weather conditions caused Wapen van Rotterdam to lose its masts and rudder and it was forced to take shelter in Ronas Voe for a number of months. A whistleblower in Shetland informed the English authorities of the ship's presence, and in response three Royal Navy men-of-war and a dogger were dispatched to capture the ship. After a short battle, the ship was captured and taken back to England as a prize of war.

An unknown number of up to 300 of the ship's crew were killed in the battle and were buried nearby in Heylor. A modern memorial to the Dutch crew is erected where they are believed to be buried, bearing the inscription "The Hollanders' Graves".

Background

An English language letter dated 24 November 1673, taken from aboard Wapen van Rotterdam, the first part of which explains the situation of the war which the ship may have been unfamiliar with upon their return from Batavia. It gives permission to the ship's crew to "use all hoſtilitie and dammage to French and Engliſh."

Wapen van Rotterdam[lower-roman 1] was an East Indiaman with a capacity of 1,124 tons[1] and between 60[2] and 70[3] guns. On 16 December 1673, it departed the Texel bound for the Dutch East Indies[1] with both trade goods and a company of soldiers from the Dutch East India Company's private army, along with an army captain.[4] The ship itself was captained by Jacob Martens Cloet.

To avoid conflict with the English (with whom, due to the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch were at war), rather than passing through the English Channel, the ship was directed northwards where the plan would be to sail around the north of the British Isles (known as "going north about", which was commonly practised by Dutch East India ships at that time),[5] before heading southwards again.[6] Due to the extreme weather conditions in its journey northwards, the ship lost its masts and rudder,[7][8] and southerly winds prevented the ship from being able to pass through either the Pentland Firth or the Fair Isle Channel, so the ship was (probably with considerable difficulty)[6] taken into Ronas Voe in the north-west of Northmavine, Mainland, Shetland to shelter until the weather improved,[2] and to allow the ship to be repaired.[6] The voe (Shetland dialect for an inlet or fjord)[9] forms a crescent shape around Ronas Hill, which would have allowed the ship to lie sheltered regardless of the direction of the wind.[10] A combination of prevailing southerly winds,[6] and, presumably, a scarcity of suitable wood available in Shetland at that time to replace its masts[11][12][lower-roman 2] prevented the ship from continuing its journey, and as such it remained in Ronas Voe until March 1674.[14]

During their stay, the crew of the ship would have most likely traded Dutch goods such as Hollands gin and tobacco (and perhaps also goods on the ship originally destined for the Dutch East Indies) with the Shetlanders, in exchange for local foodstuffs available at that time, such as kale,[15] meal and mutton – either fresh or reestit.[6] The Shetlanders probably would have had quite a lot in common with the Dutch.[16] The native language of the local Shetlanders at that time would have been Norn, though English would have been understood and used fluently by most.[17] Many Shetlanders (of both the affluent and Commoners) were also fluent in Dutch, despite never having never left Shetland, due to the amount of trade done by Dutch ships in Shetland's ports,[18] as well as with German traders of the Hanseatic League.[19]

From 1603, the Kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland had all shared the same monarch with the Union of the Crowns, who by 1674 was Charles II. As such, Scotland was actively involved in the Third Anglo-Dutch War, despite not being included in the conflict's name.[20] Shetland, being a part of the Kingdom of Scotland, was therefore at war with the Dutch, however the local Shetland residents of Heylor and adjacent areas in direct contact with the Dutch may not have been aware of the conflict, and would not have considered the visitors as "enemies".[6] A letter must have been sent by someone with an understanding of the political situation (most likely a laird, minister, merchant, or some other member of the gentry in Shetland) to inform the authorities of the Dutch ship's presence,[6] and that it could not proceed due to it losing its masts and rudder.[8] As a result, a total of four Royal Navy ships – HMS Cambridge,[21] captained by Arthur Herbert (later the Earl of Torrington);[22] HMS Newcastle,[23] captained by John Wetwang (later Sir John Wetwang);[24] HMS Crown,[25] captained by Richard Carter;[26] and Dove,[27] captained by Abraham Hyatt[28] – were ordered to set sail for Shetland and to capture the ship.

Call to arms

HMS Newcastle, one of the English men-of-war sent to capture Wapen van Rotterdam. Drawing by Willem van de Velde, 1676.

Captain Herbert (Cambridge) was the first to receive his orders in a letter sent 21 February [O.S. 11 February] 1674 by the Royal Navy's Chief Secretary to the Admiralty Samuel Pepys.[29] He stated the orders were "at the desire of the Royal Highness", and stressed that the orders were to be carried out swiftly, as the Treaty of Westminster concluding the war was expected to be published within eight days, and any subsequent hostilities were to last no longer than twelve days.[29] The Treaty of Westminster had in fact been signed two days prior to this letter being sent, and was ratified in England the day before the letter was sent.[30]

The following day letters were sent to both Captains Wetwang (Newcastle) and Carter (Crown) enclosing the same orders.[31] Pepys also wrote again to Captain Herbert (Cambridge) to convey he had arranged for a pilot knowledgeable of Shetland's coast to be sent to him, as well as to inform him that Crown and Dove would accompany his ship.[32]

On 25 February [O.S. 15 February] Captain Herbert (Cambridge) wrote to Pepys to inform him that neither the pilot nor Dove had yet arrived. Pepys replied on 28 February [O.S. 18 February] to say he had sent instruction to hasten the pilot, and had enquired into Dove's delay.[33]

On 3 March [O.S. 21 February] Captain Taylor stationed at Harwich wrote to Pepys to inform him that Cambridge and Crown had passed by on their way to Shetland.[34] The same day, Pepys replied to a letter from Carter (Crown) to inform him that his five weeks' supply of victuals were enough to support his crew until their return from Shetland.[35]

On 6 March [O.S. 24 February], Dove was wrecked on the coast of Northumberland on the journey northwards, leaving the three remaining ships to continue towards Shetland.[27]

Battle

Bar shot fired during the Battle of Ronas Voe, discovered by Jack Edwardson in Heylor. Held by Shetland Museum & Archives.[36]

The battle is commonly reported to have occurred in February 1674,[1][2][37][6] however the only known extant contemporary report of the battle indicates that it occurred on 14 March [O.S. 4 March] 1674.[14] This was one day after Pepys' original twenty day deadline for the completion of his orders sent to Captain Herbert,[29] and 23 days after the signing of the Treaty of Westminster.[30]

Upon their arrival, Cambridge, Newcastle and Crown entered Ronas Voe, where a short, one-sided battle ensued.[6] While a single East Indiaman might have stood a chance, however small, against three much more manoeuvrable men-of-war on open seas, in the confined space of Ronas Voe and most likely still without replacement masts (evidenced by the fact the ship had not left Ronas Voe), Wapen van Rotterdam was completely outmatched.[6]

It is recorded that Newcastle captured Wapen van Rotterdam, and it was taken back to England as a prize of war.[10][4] A contemporary Dutch newspaper reported that while 400 crew were originally on board Wapen van Rotterdam, later only 100 prisoners were being transported by Crown,[14] suggesting up to 300 crew may have been killed, although additional prisoners might have been transported on the other English ships. Those killed in the battle were buried nearby in Heylor.[16] Both Cloet and the army captain survived the battle and were taken back to England with the rest of the surviving crew.[4]

Aftermath

Crown took aboard one hundred Dutch prisoners. When the ship returned to England, it experienced extremely bad weather (in which it was reported that 10 valuable ships between Great Yarmouth and Winterton-on-Sea had to be stranded, some of which were destroyed) and was unable to land before it reached Dover on 29 March [O.S. 19 March] 1674.[14] Samuel Pepys wrote to Captain Carter (Crown) on 31 March [O.S. 21 March], telling him "His Majesty and his Royal Highness are well pleased with his account of the good success of the Cambridge and Newcastle."[38] The ships returned to the Downs by 3 April [O.S. 24 March].[10] Pepys wrote to Captain Herbert (Cambridge) on 4 April [O.S. 25 March] and passed on that the Lords had commented, "Long may the civility which you mention of the Dutch to his Majesty's ships continue."[39]

Captain Wetwang directed the Dutch ship to Harwich on 7 April [O.S. 28 March] en route to the River Thames.[4] The remaining Dutch crew were put ashore in Harwich, after which Cloet and the army captain set sail back to the Dutch Republic in a packet boat.[4] Before departing, the Dutch captains valued Wapen van Rotterdam (and presumably also the trade goods on board) at approximately £50,000[4] – equivalent to £7,300,000 in 2019. In June the same year, the Lord Privy Seal Arthur Annesley asked the Principal Commissioners of Prizes and the Lord High Treasurer to award Captain Wetwang £500 – equivalent to £73,000 in 2019 – for his capture of the ship and its safe return to the Thames. This prize was to be funded from the sale of the goods aboard the ship, or if the value raised was insufficient to fund this prize, the Privy Seal instructed the Lord High Treasurer "to find out some other proper way for payment thereof, as a free gift."[40]

Letters carried by Wapen van Rotterdam were captured, and still survive in the English admiralty archives. They were partly published in 2014.[41]

Goods put up for sale

On 24 May [O.S. 14 May] 1674, many of the goods aboard the ship were put up for sale at the East India House, City of London:

Item	Quantity		Notes	Maximum total sale value[lower-roman 3]				Source
	English	Metric equivalent (approx)		1674 value			Equivalent value (2019)
				£	s	d
Scarlet	229 yards	209 Metres		148	17	0	£21,601	[42]
Crimson cloth	234 yards	214 metres		140	8	0	£20,375
Crimson cloth	209 yards	191 metres		83	12	0	£12,132
Red cloth	223 yards	204 metres		78	1	0	£11,327
Scarlet and crimson cloth	41 yards	37 metres	3 remnants	20	10	0	£2,975
Amber	2 small cases
Mum brown Hollands beer	180 barrels	28,281 Litres	Sale programme states "or what it is"	120	0	0	£17,415
Spanish wine	10 leadgers and 1 puncheon		Sale programme states "or what it is"
Rhenish wine	8 leadgers
Vinegar	21 puncheons	6,636 – 6,720 litres		84	0	0	£12,190
Rack	5 rundlets	340 litres		6	0	0	£871
Butter	4 firkins	100 Kilograms	In barrels of pickle	4	12	0	£668
Oil	15 rundlets	1,020 litres		27	0	0	£3,918
Malay language New Testaments	220			11	0	0	£1,596
Small Books	6 bundles			6	13	8	£969
Prayer books	283
Rushes	150 bundles			1	17	6	£273
Prunes	10 drum hogsheads and 1 butt
Glue	2 tierces	316–320 litres
Spruce beer	40 gallons	185 litres	Among 3 rundlets	5	0	0	£726
Isinglass	2 cases
Round shaves	47			1	11	4	£228	[43]
Howells	42			1	1	0	£152
Percers	192			2	8	0	£348
Gilt leaf	5 boxes			1	0	0	£145
Iron plates	100
Tew irons cast for bellows	20
Beak irons for smiths	5
Pairs of wooden screws	1			1	0	0	£145
Copper Kettles	23
Copper plates or bottoms	21
Pairs of pinchers	75			0	18	9	£136
Drills	2			0	5	0	£36
Small Brushes	100			0	12	6	£91
Carpenters' brass compasses	156		With iron points	6	10	0	£943
Iron collars or turners	3			0	9	0	£65
Handvices	36			1	16	0	£261
Brass cocks	30			1	10	0	£218
Small cabin Bells	30
Sea compasses	49			6	2	6	£890
Square Glasses for compasses	34			0	4	3	£30
Cards for compasses	72			1	4	0	£174
Round glasses for compasses	18			0	1	6	£12
Half-hour glasses	46			0	15	4	£112
Cardis	1 chest			1	11	0	£225
Wormwood	1 chest			1	11	0	£225
Roots	1 cask		In sand	1	11	0	£225
Empty cases lined with sheet lead	4			1	11	0	£225

Remaining goods

Those goods still remaining on the ship following the sale, along with the sails and cables not offered for sale were catalogued and stored at his Majesties stores in Woolwich Dockyard by 2 July [O.S. 22 June] 1674:

Goods

Item	Quantity	Notes	Total estimated weight				Source
			English			Metric kg
			cwt	qr	lbs
Nails	98 Barrels		601	0	14	30,539	[44]
Holland's duck canvas	82 bales	17,712 Yards (16.2 kilometres)
Fine canvas	5 bales	1,292 yards (1,181 metres)
Beef	1 puncheon	Damaged
Butter	9 casks		31	1	10	1,592
Butter	4 small casks		0	0	280	127
Pork	32 casks		105	1	20	5,356
Rosin	40 barrels		153	0	16	7,780
Pitch	25 barrels		90	2	21	4,607
Tar	77 barrels		281	0	4	14,277
Tallow	8 casks		47	2	13	2,419
Grout	25 Hogsheads
Grout & pea gravel mix	13 hogsheads
Grout	13 butts, pipes and puncheons
Rusk	53 casks
Pea gravel	Twelve hogsheads
Oil	4 Rundlets
Twine			10	3	12	552
Sail needles	2400
Herbs	3 chests	Damaged
Hogs' Bristles	2 casks		10	1	13	527
Swines	2 casks
Leather	100 backs
Grindstones	39
Blacking	255 barrels
Housing and marlings		Damaged, 1,345 small lines	13	1	7	676
Ram block with 4 brass Sheaves	1	Containing 4 Fathoms 11 Inches (7.59 metres)
Ram block with lignum vities	11	Containing 21 fathoms 10 inches (38.66 metres)
Block with ash sheaves	63	Containing 67 fathoms (122.5 metres)
Anchors	2		55	1	2	2,808
Anchor	1		6	0	24	316
Grapnels	2		1	1	10	68
Flour	2 casks		3	0	23	163
Small cordage	197 coils		152	1	16	7,742	[45]

Sails

Sail	Size				Material	Condition	Source
	English		Metric
	Width (cloths)	Depth (yards)	Width (metres)[lower-roman 4]	Depth (metres)[lower-roman 5]
Bonnet	29	1 ¾	53	1.5	Duck canvas	½ worn	[44]
Topsail	21	14	38	12.75	Duck canvas
Mizzen sail	12	14	22	12.75	Duck canvas
Spritsail	22	5 ½	40	5		½ worn
Foresail	29	8 ¼	53	7.5		20 yards damaged
Main canvas	33	10 ¼	60	9.25
Studding sail	7	16 ¾	13	15.25	Small canvas
Mainsail (piece)	15	9	27	8.25		⅓ worn
Mizzen topsail	13	7 ¾	24	7	Small canvas
Boat sail	5 ½	9 ½	10	8.75	Duck canvas
Boat sail	5	8	9	7.25	Small canvas
Mizzen sail	11 ½	17	21	15.5	Duck canvas	½ worn	[46]
Topsail	15	8	27	7.25
Topsail	12	7 ¾	22	7	Small canvas
Bonnet	29	1 ¾	53	1.5	Duck canvas
Boat sail	2 ½	7	5	6.5	Duck canvas
Course sail	24	8 ½	44	7.75	Duck canvas	½ worn
Staysail	9 ½	10	17	9.25	Duck canvas	New
Bonnet	29	2	53	1.75	Duck canvas	New
Topsail	15	9	27	8.25	Small cloth	¾ worn
Course sail (piece)	5	8	9	7.25	Duck canvas
Topsail	13	7 ½	24	6.75	½ small canvas
Awning (piece)	5	11	9	10	Duck canvas	½ worn

Cables

Item	Size				Notes	Source
	English		Metric
	Circumference (Inches)	Length (Fathoms)	Diameter (mm)	Length (m)
Shroud hawser	8	92	65	168		[46]
	8	66	65	121
	8	93	65	170
	7 ½	93	61	170
	8	91	65	166
Cable	9 ¾	88	79	161
	9 ½	87	77	159
	11	87	89	159
	11	89	89	163
	10 ½	90	85	165
	11 ½	86	93	157
	8 ¾	87	71	159
	8 ¾	90	71	165
	8 ½	90	69	165
	8 ½	93	69	170
	8 ½	89	69	163
	9	94	73	172
	9	89	73	163
	10 ½	9	85	16
	7 ½	174	61	318
	9	27	73	49
	7 ½	86	61	157
	8	87	65	159
	12	86	97	157
	11	94	89	172
	13	90	105	165
	13	90	105	165
	15	87	121	159
	17	86	137	157
	15 ½	90	125	165
	16	47	129	86
	16 ½	88	133	161
	20	89	162	163
	20	89	162	163		[45]
Rope with 4 strands	5 ½	53	44	97
Tacks					Two pieces
Warp	5	69	40	126
Shot	21	265	170	485	⅓ worn
Tack
Tack					½ worn

Fate of Wapen van Rotterdam

Wapen van Rotterdam was renamed HMS Arms of Rotterdam and was refitted as an unarmed hulk. In 1703 Arms of Rotterdam was broken down in Chatham.[47]

The Hollanders' Graves

The Hollanders' Graves

The site where the bodies of those killed in the battle were buried is known as the Hollanders' Knowe, and the site is marked by a small granite cairn with a plaque that reads "The Hollanders' Graves". These are likely to be the first War graves recorded in Shetland.[16]

Notes

1. "Wapen van Rotterdam" is Dutch for "Coat of arms of Rotterdam".
2. Shetland supports only a small number of trees as of June 2014, although since the 1950s the number of trees has gradually increased[13]
3. The value of the goods listed is the item's maximum sale value, not including advances that were offered to those buying all the goods in a single lot.
4. Width given to the nearest metre
5. Depth given to the nearest 25cm

References

1. VOCsite 2019.
2. Bruce 1914, p. 101.
3. Three Decks 2019. sfn error: no target: CITEREFThree_Decks2019 (help)
4. London Gazette 27 March 1674, p. 2.
5. Bruce 1914, p. 103.
6. Edwardson.
7. Pepys 1923, p. 30.
8. London Gazette 2 March 1674, p. 2.
9. DSL 2004.
10. Bruce 1914, p. 102.
11. Jack 1999, p. 349.
12. BBC Guernsey 2008.
13. Shetland.org 2014.
14. Amsterdamsche Courant 10 April 1674.
15. SASA.
16. HEARD 2006.
17. Graham 1979.
18. Brand 1809, p. 767.
19. Jack 1999, p. 359.
20. Murdoch, Little & Forte 2005, p. 37.
21. Three Decks – Cambridge 2019.
22. Three Decks – Arthur Herbert 2019.
23. Three Decks – Newcastle 2019.
24. Three Decks – John Wetwang 2019.
25. Three Decks – Taunton 2019.
26. Three Decks – Richard Carter 2019.
27. Three Decks – Dove 2019.
28. Three Decks – Abraham Hyatt 2019.
29. Pepys 1904, p. 247.
30. Davenport 1929, p. 229.
31. Pepys 1904, pp. 249–250.
32. Pepys 1904, p. 249.
33. Pepys 1904, p. 256.
34. Pepys 1904, p. 261.
35. Pepys 1904, p. 258.
36. Shetland Museum SEA 7691.
37. Three Decks – Wapen van Rotterdam 2019.
38. Pepys 1904, p. 280.
39. Pepys 1904, p. 281.
40. Daniell 1904, pp. 291–292.
41. Brouwer 2014, p. 49.
42. A Sale of His Majesties Prize Goods by the Arms of Rotterdam, etc. 1674, p. 1.
43. A Sale of His Majesties Prize Goods by the Arms of Rotterdam, etc. 1674, p. 2.
44. Burgess 1674, p. 1.
45. Burgess 1674, p. 3.
46. Burgess 1674, p. 2.
47. Three Decks – Arms of Rotterdam 2019.

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• "Harwich, March 27" (PDF). The London Gazette (872). The Savoy: The Newcomb (published 30 March 1674). 27 March 1674. p. 2. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
• "Hollanders Grave". www.heard.shetland.co.uk. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
• "Londenden 3 April" [London 3 April]. Engelandt. Amsterdamsche Courant (in Dutch) (15). Amsterdam: Mattheus Cousart (published 10 April 1674). 3 April 1674. p. 1. Retrieved 23 March 2019 – via Delpher.
• "Richard Carter (d.1692)". threedecks.org. 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
• "Shetland Cabbage/Kale: the oldest Scottish local vegetable variety?". SASA (Science & Advice for Scottish Agriculture). Retrieved 24 March 2019.
• "Sir John Wetwang (d.1684)". threedecks.org. 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
• "Sunderland, Febr. 22" (PDF). The London Gazette (864). The Savoy: The Newcomb (published 2 March 1674). 22 February 1674. p. 2. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
• "Treeless? That's Changing..." Shetland.org. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
• "Voe n". Dictionary of the Scots Language. Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd. 2004. Retrieved 25 March 2019.

External links

• Dutch Prize Papers – Archive of papers aboard Wapen van Rotterdam when it was captured.