Authority control

In library science, authority control is a process that organizes bibliographic information, for example in library catalogs[1][2][3] by using a single, distinct spelling of a name (heading) or a numeric identifier for each topic. The word authority in authority control derives from the idea that the names of people, places, things, and concepts are authorized, i.e., they are established in one particular form.[4][5][6] These one-of-a-kind headings or identifiers are applied consistently throughout catalogs which make use of the respective authority file,[7] and are applied for other methods of organizing data such as linkages and cross references.[7][8] Each controlled entry is described in an authority record in terms of its scope and usage, and this organization helps the library staff maintain the catalog and make it user-friendly for researchers.[9]

Catalogers assign each subject—such as author, topic, series, or corporation—a particular unique identifier or heading term which is then used consistently, uniquely, and unambiguously for all references to that same subject, which obviates variations from different spellings, transliterations, pen names, or aliases.[10] The unique header can guide users to all relevant information including related or collocated subjects.[10] Authority records can be combined into a database and called an authority file, and maintaining and updating these files as well as "logical linkages"[11] to other files within them is the work of librarians and other information catalogers. Accordingly, authority control is an example of controlled vocabulary and of bibliographic control.

While in theory any piece of information is amenable to authority control such as personal and corporate names, uniform titles, series names, and subjects,[2][3] library catalogers typically focus on author names and titles of works. Subject headings from the Library of Congress fulfill a function similar to authority records, although they are usually considered separately. As time passes, information changes, prompting needs for reorganization. According to one view, authority control is not about creating a perfect seamless system but rather it is an ongoing effort to keep up with these changes and try to bring "structure and order" to the task of helping users find information.[9]

Benefits of authority control
  • Better researching. Authority control helps researchers get a handle on a specific subject with less wasted effort.[10] A well-designed digital catalog/database enables a researcher to query a few words of an entry to bring up the already established term or phrase, thus improving accuracy and saving time.[12]
  • Makes searching more predictable.[13] It can be used in conjunction with keyword searching using "and" or "not" or "or" or other Boolean operators on a web browser.[11] It increases chances that a given search will return relevant items.[12]
  • Consistency of records.[14][15][16]
  • Organization and structure of information.[10]
  • Efficiency for catalogers. The process of authority control is not only of great help to researchers searching for a particular subject to study, but it can help catalogers organize information as well. Catalogers can use authority records when trying to categorize new items, since they can see which records have already been cataloged and can therefore avoid unnecessary work.[10][11]
  • Maximizes library resources.[10]
  • Easier to maintain the catalog. It enables catalogers to detect and correct errors. In some instances, software programs support workers tasked with maintaining the catalog to do ongoing tasks such as automated clean-up.[17] It helps creators and users of metadata.[12]
  • Fewer errors. It can help catch errors caused by typos or misspellings which can sometimes accumulate over time, sometimes known as quality drift. For example, machines can catch misspellings such as "Elementary school techers" and "Pumpkilns" which can then be corrected by library staff.[9]

Examples

Differing names describe the same subject
Princess Diana is described in one authority file as "Windsor, Diana, Princess of Wales" which is an official heading.

Sometimes within a catalog there are different names or spellings for only one person or subject.[10][13] This can bring confusion since researchers may miss some information. Authority control is used by catalogers to collocate materials that logically belong together but which present themselves differently. Records are used to establish uniform titles which collocate all versions of a given work under one unique heading even when such versions are issued under different titles. With authority control, one unique preferred name represents all variations and will include different variations, spellings and misspellings, uppercase versus lowercase variants, differing dates, and so forth. For example, in Wikipedia, the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales is described by an article Diana, Princess of Wales as well as numerous other descriptors, e.g. Princess Diana, but both Princess Diana and Diana, Princess of Wales describe the same person; an authority record would choose one title as the preferred one for consistency. In an online library catalog, various entries might look like the following:[2][3]

  1. Diana. (1)
  2. Diana, Princess of Wales. (1)
  3. Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997 (13)
  4. Diana, Princess of Wales 1961–1997 (1)
  5. Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997 (2)
  6. DIANA, PRINCESS OF WALES, 1961–1997. (1)

These different terms describe the same person. Accordingly, authority control reduces these entries to one unique entry or official authorized heading, sometimes termed an access point:

Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997[18]
Authority File Heading / ID
Virtual International Authority File VIAF ID: 107032638
Wikipedia Diana, Princess of Wales[19]
Wikidata Wikidata identifier: Q9685
Integrated Authority File (GND) GND ID: 118525123
U.S. Library of Congress Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997
WorldCat Identities Diana Princess of Wales 1961–1997
Biblioteca Nacional de España Windsor, Diana, Princess of Wales
Getty Union List of Artist Names Diana, Princess of Wales English noble and patron, 1961–1997
National Library of the Netherlands Diana, prinses van Wales, 1961–1997[18]

Generally there are different authority file headings and identifiers used by different libraries in different countries, possibly inviting confusion, but there are different approaches internationally to try to lessen the confusion. One international effort to prevent such confusion is the Virtual International Authority File which is a collaborative attempt to provide a single heading for a particular subject. It is a way to standardize information from different authority files around the world such as the Integrated Authority File (GND) maintained and used cooperatively by many libraries in German-speaking countries and the United States Library of Congress. The idea is to create a single worldwide virtual authority file. For example, the ID for Princess Diana in the GND is 118525123 (preferred name: Diana <Wales, Prinzessin>) while the United States Library of Congress uses the term Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997; other authority files have other choices. The Virtual International Authority File choice for all of these variations is VIAF ID: 107032638 — that is, a common number representing all of these variations.[18]

The English Wikipedia prefers the term "Diana, Princess of Wales", but at the bottom of the article about her, there are links to various international cataloging efforts for reference purposes.

Same name describes two different subjects

Sometimes two different authors have been published under the same name.[10] This can happen if there is a title which is identical to another title or to a collective uniform title.[10] This, too, can cause confusion. Different authors can be distinguished correctly from each other by, for example, adding a middle initial to one of the names; in addition, other information can be added to one entry to clarify the subject, such as birth year, death year, range of active years such as 1918–1965 when the person flourished, or a brief descriptive epithet. When catalogers come across different subjects with similar or identical headings, they can disambiguate them using authority control.

Authority records and files

A customary way of enforcing authority control in a bibliographic catalog is to set up a separate index of authority records, which relates to and governs the headings used in the main catalog. This separate index is often referred to as an "authority file." It contains an indexable record of all decisions made by catalogers in a given library (or—as is increasingly the case—cataloging consortium), which catalogers consult when making, or revising, decisions about headings. As a result, the records contain documentation about sources used to establish a particular preferred heading, and may contain information discovered while researching the heading which may be useful.[17]

While authority files provide information about a particular subject, their primary function is not to provide information but to organize it.[17] They contain enough information to establish that a given author or title is unique, but that is all; irrelevant but interesting information is generally excluded. Although practices vary internationally, authority records in the English-speaking world generally contain the following information:

  • Headings show the preferred title chosen as the official and authorized version. It is important that the heading be unique; if there is a conflict with an identical heading, then one of the two will have to be chosen:

Since the headings function as access points, making sure that they are distinct and not in conflict with existing entries is important. For example, the English novelist William Collins (1824–89), whose works include the Moonstone and The Woman in White is better known as Wilkie Collins. Cataloguers have to decide which name the public would most likely look under, and whether to use a see also reference to link alternative forms of an individual's name.

— Mason, M.K., Purpose of authority work and files, http://www.moyak.com/papers/libraries-bibliographic-control.html
  • Cross references are other forms of the name or title that might appear in the catalog and include:
  1. see references are forms of the name or title that describe the subject but which have been passed over or deprecated in favor of the authorized heading form
  2. see also references point to other forms of the name or title that are also authorized. These see also references generally point to earlier or later forms of a name or title.
  • Statement(s) of justification is a brief account made by the cataloger about particular information sources used to determine both authorized and deprecated forms. Sometimes this means citing the title and publication date of the source, the location of the name or title on that source, and the form in which it appears on that source.

For example, the Irish writer Brian O'Nolan, who lived from 1911 to 1966, wrote under many pen names such as Flann O'Brien and Myles na Gopaleen. Catalogers at the United States Library of Congress chose one form—"O'Brien, Flann, 1911–1966"—as the official heading.[20] The example contains all three elements of a valid authority record: the first heading O'Brien, Flann, 1911–1966 is the form of the name that the Library of Congress chose as authoritative. In theory, every record in the catalog that represents a work by this author should have this form of the name as its author heading. What follows immediately below the heading beginning with Na Gopaleen, Myles, 1911–1966 are the see references. These forms of the author's name will appear in the catalog, but only as transcriptions and not as headings. If a user queries the catalog under one of these variant forms of the author's name, he or she would receive the response: "See O'Brien, Flann, 1911–1966." There is an additional spelling variant of the Gopaleen name: "Na gCopaleen, Myles, 1911–1966" has an extra C inserted because the author also employed the non-anglicized Irish spelling of his pen-name, in which the capitalized C shows the correct root word while the preceding g indicates its pronunciation in context. So if a library user comes across this spelling variant, he or she will be led to the same author regardless. See also references, which point from one authorized heading to another authorized heading, are exceedingly rare for personal name authority records, although they often appear in name authority records for corporate bodies. The final four entries in this record beginning with His At Swim-Two-Birds ... 1939. constitute the justification for this particular form of the name: it appeared in this form on the 1939 edition of the author's novel At Swim-Two-Birds, whereas the author's other noms de plume appeared on later publications.

Card catalog records such as this one used to be physical cards contained in long rectangular drawers in a library; today, generally, this information is stored in online databases.[21]
Authority control with "Kesey, Ken" as the chosen heading.[21]

Access control

The act of choosing a single authorized heading to represent all forms of a name is quite often a difficult and complex task, considering that any given individual may have legally changed their name or used a variety of legal names in the course of their lifetime, as well as a variety of nicknames, pen names, stage names or other alternative names. It may be particularly difficult to choose a single authorized heading for individuals whose various names have controversial political or social connotations, when the choice of authorized heading may be seen as endorsement of the associated political or social ideology.

An alternative to using authorized headings is the idea of access control, where various forms of a name are related without the endorsement of one particular form.[22]

Cooperative cataloging

Before the advent of digital online public access catalogs and the Internet, creating and maintaining a library's authority files were generally carried out by individual cataloging departments within each library. Naturally, then, there was considerable difference in the authority files of the different libraries. For the early part of library history, it was generally accepted that, as long as a library's catalog was internally consistent, the differences between catalogs in different libraries did not matter greatly.

As libraries became more attuned to the needs of researchers and began interacting more with other libraries, the value of standard cataloging practices came to be recognized. With the advent of automated database technologies, catalogers began to establish cooperative consortia, such as OCLC and RLIN in the United States, in which cataloging departments from libraries all over the world contributed their records to, and took their records from, a shared database. This development prompted the need for national standards for authority work.

In the United States, the primary organization for maintaining cataloging standards with respect to authority work operates under the aegis of the Library of Congress, and is known as the Name Authority Cooperative Program, or NACO Authority.[23]

Standards

There are various standards using different acronyms.

Standards for authority metadata:

Standards for object identification, controlled by an identification-authority:

Standards for identified-object metadata (examples): vCard, Dublin Core, etc.

gollark: Ew.
gollark: SSH, if you have an account.
gollark: It predates the 3B+, see.
gollark: 3B.
gollark: People have accounts on it.

See also

References
  1. Block, R. (1999). Authority control: What it is and why it matters. Retrieved on 27 October 2006.
  2. "Why Does a Library Catalog Need Authority Control and What Is it?". IMPLEMENTING AUTHORITY CONTROL. United States: Vermont Department of Libraries. 2003. Archived from the original on 2015-06-07. Retrieved 2015-05-22. ... However! : if the link [URL] in this footnote is a dead link, then ... please [feel free to] see the next footnote, which links to a web page having the exact same title that does still exist (at a slightly different URL).
  3. "auctor [sic; see note below] (search term)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-19. author (n) — c.1300, autor "father," from O.Fr. auctor, acteor "author, originator, creator, instigator (12c., Mod.Fr. auteur), from L. auctorem (nom. auctor) ... –
    authority (n.) — early 13c., autorite "book or quotation that settles an argument," from O.Fr. auctorité "authority, prestige, right, permission, dignity, gravity; the Scriptures" (12c.; Mod.Fr. autorité), ... (see author). ...     Note: root words for both author and authority are words such as auctor or autor and autorite from the 13th century.
  4. Memidex. (2012). "authority (control)". Retrieved 7 December 2012. Etymology ... autorite "book or quotation that settles an argument", from Old French auctorité...
  5. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (2012). "authority". Retrieved 7 December 2012. See "Origin of authority" – Middle English auctorite, from Anglo-French auctorité, from Latin auctoritat-, auctoritas opinion, decision, power, from auctor First Known Use: 13th century...
  6. "Authority Control at the NMSU Library". United States: New Mexico State University. 2007. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  7. "Authority Control in the Card Environment". Implementing Authority Control. United States: Vermont Department of Libraries. 2003. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  8. Wells, K. (n.d.). "Got authorities? Why authority control is good for your library". Tennessee Libraries. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  9. National Library of Australia. (n.d.). "Collection description policy". Retrieved 23 January 2020. The primary purpose of authority control is to assist the catalogue user in locating items of interest.
  10. "Authority Control at LTI". LTI. 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-12-15.
  11. NCSU Libraries. (2012). "Brief guidelines on authority control decision-making". Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  12. Rutgers University Libraries. (2012). "Authority Control in Unicorn WorkFlows August 2001". Retrieved 23 January 2020. Why Authority Control?
  13. Burger, R.H. (1985). Authority work: The creation, use, maintenance, and evaluation of authority records and files. Libraries Unlimited. ISBN 9780872874916.
  14. Clack, D.H. (1990). Authority Control: Principles, Applications, and Instructions. UMI Books on Demand. ISBN 9780608014432.
  15. Maxwell, R.L. (2002). Maxwell's guide to authority work. American Library Association. ISBN 9780838908228.
  16. Calhoun, K. (1998). "A bird's eye view of authority control in cataloging". Cornell University Library. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  17. Virtual International Authority File. Records for Princess Diana, Retrieved on 12 March 2013
  18. Note: this is the article title as of March 12, 2013
  19. "Authorities files". Library of Congress. Cite journal requires |journal= (help); the original record has been abbreviated for clarity.
  20. Calhoun, Karen. "A Bird's Eye View of Authority Control in Cataloging". Cornell University Library. Cite journal requires |journal= (help).
  21. Barnhart, L. (n.d.). Access Control Records: Prospects and Challenges, Authority Control in the 21st Century: An Invitational Conference. Retrieved on 28 January 2020.
  22. Library of Congress. "Program for Cooperative Cataloging". Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  23. "MARC 21 Format for Authority Data". Library of Congress Network Development and MARC Standards Office. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  24. International Council on Archives. "ISAAR (CPF): International standard archival authority record for corporate bodies, persons, and families" (2nd ed.). Archived from the original on 5 June 2007.
  25. International Council on Archives. "ICArchives : Page d'accueil : Accueil". Ica.org. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
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