Knowledge retrieval

Knowledge retrieval seeks to return information in a structured form, consistent with human cognitive processes as opposed to simple lists of data items. It draws on a range of fields including epistemology (theory of knowledge), cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, logic and inference, machine learning and knowledge discovery, linguistics, and information technology.

Overview

In the field of retrieval systems, established approaches include:

  • Data retrieval systems, such as database management systems, are well suitable for the storage and retrieval of structured data.
  • Information retrieval systems, such as web search engines, are very effective in finding the relevant documents or web pages.

Both approaches require a user to read and analyze often long lists of data sets or documents in order to extract meaning.

The goal of knowledge retrieval systems is to reduce the burden of those processes by improved search and representation. This improvement is needed to leverage the increasing data volumes available on the Internet.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Comparison with data and information retrieval

Data Retrieval and Information Retrieval are earlier and more basic forms of information access.[12]

Data RetrievalInformation RetrievalKnowledge Retrieval
MatchBoolean matchpartial match, best matchpartial match, best match
Inferencedeductive inferenceinductive inferencedeductive inference, inductive inference, associative reasoning, analogical reasoning
Modeldeterministic modelstatistical and probabilistic modelsemantic model, inference model
Queryartificial languagenatural languageknowledge structure, natural language
Organizationtable, indextable, indexknowledge unit, knowledge structure
Representationnumber, rulenatural language, markup languageconcept graph, predicate logic, production rule, frame, semantic network, ontology
Storagedatabasedocument collectionsknowledge base
Retrieved Resultsdata setsections or documentsa set of knowledge unit

Knowledge retrieval focuses on the knowledge level. We need to examine how to extract, represent, and use the knowledge in data and information.[13] Knowledge retrieval systems provide knowledge to users in a structured way. Compared to data retrieval and information retrieval, they use different inference models, retrieval methods, result organization, etc. Table 1, extending van Rijsbergen’s comparison of the difference between data retrieval and information retrieval,[14] summarizes the main characteristics of data retrieval, information retrieval, and knowledge retrieval.[15] The core of data retrieval and information retrieval is retrieval subsystems. Data retrieval gets results through Boolean match.[16] Information retrieval uses partial match and best match. Knowledge retrieval is also based on partial match and best match.

From an inference perspective, data retrieval uses deductive inference, and information retrieval uses inductive inference.[14] Considering the limitations from the assumptions of different logics, traditional logic systems (e.g., Horn subset of first order logic) cannot reason efficiently.[17] Associative reasoning, analogical reasoning and the idea of unifying reasoning and search may be effective methods of reasoning at the web scale.[17][18]

From the retrieval perspective, knowledge retrieval systems focus on semantics and better organization of information. Data retrieval and information retrieval organize the data and documents by indexing, while knowledge retrieval organize information by indicating connections between elements in those documents.

Frameworks for knowledge retrieval systems

From computer science perspective, a logic framework concentrating on fuzziness of knowledge queries has been proposed and investigated in detail.[19] Markup languages for knowledge reasoning and relevant strategies have been investigated, which may serve as possible logic reasoning foundations for text based knowledge retrieval.[3]

From cognitive science perspective, especially from cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience perspective, the neurobiological basis for knowledge retrieval in the human brain has been investigated, and may serve as a cognitive model for knowledge retrieval.[20][21]

Knowledge retrieval can draw results from the following related theories and technologies:[12]

Topics listed under each entry serve as examples and do not form a complete list. And many related disciplines should be added as the field grows mature.

gollark: I'm going to see if I can integrate ABR into my graphing system too now.
gollark: Or also disassembling them, I suppose.
gollark: Consider:- disassembling other humans into nutrients you need, as they're nearby and contain exactly the right nutrients to live- forcefeeding to the point of obesity or something- making plants/other animals unable to grow due to removing all their nutrients
gollark: Them going rogue isn't the problem. Them working exactly as designed is.
gollark: I can't see ANY way of that going wrong!

References
  1. Frisch, A.M. Knowledge Retrieval as Specialized Inference, Ph.D. thesis, University of Rochester, 1986.
  2. Kame, M. and Quintana, Y. A graph based knowledge retrieval system, Proceedings of the 1990 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 1990: 269-275.
  3. Martin, P. and Eklund, P.W. Knowledge retrieval and the World Wide Web, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 2000, 15(3): 18-25.
  4. Oertel, P. and Amir, E. A framework for commonsense knowledge retrieval, Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Logic Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning, 2005.
  5. Travers, M. A visual representation for knowledge structures, Proceedings of the 2nd annual ACM conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, 1989: 147-158.
  6. Yao, Y.Y. Information retrieval support systems, Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, 2002, 1092-1097.
  7. Zhou, N., Zhang, Y.F. and Zhang, L.Y. Information Visualization and Knowledge Retrieval [In Chinese], Science Press, 2005.
  8. Robert Loew, Katrin Kuemmel, Judith Ruprecht, Udo Bleimann, Paul Walsh. Approaches for personalised knowledge retrieval, Internet Research, 17(1), 2007
  9. Stefania Mariano, Andrea Casey. The process of knowledge retrieval: A case study of an American high-technology research, engineering and consulting company. VINE: The journal of information and knowledge management systems, 37(3), 2007.
  10. Jens Gammelgaard, Thomas Ritter. The knowledge retrieval matrix: codification and personification as separate strategies, Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(4), 133-143, 2005.
  11. J.E.L. Farradane. Analysis and organization of knowledge for retrieval, ASLIB Proceedings, 22(12), 607-616,1970.
  12. Yiyu Yao, Yi Zeng, Ning Zhong, Xiangji Huang. Knowledge Retrieval (KR). In: Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence, IEEE Computer Society, Silicon Valley, USA, November 2–5, 2007, 729-735.
  13. Bellinger, G., Castro, D. and Mills, A. Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom, http://www.systemsthinking.org/dikw/dikw.htm Archived 2016-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  14. van Rijsbergen, C.J. Information Retrieval, Butterworths, 1979.
  15. Zeng, Y., Yao, Y.Y. and Zhong, N. Granular structurebased knowledge retrieval [In Chinese], Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the Seventh Conference of Rough Set and Soft Computing, the First Forum of Granular Computing, and the First Forum of Web Intelligence, 2007.
  16. Baeza-Yates, R. and Ribeiro-Neto, B. Modern Information Retrieval, AddisonWesley, 1999.
  17. Fensel, D. and van Harmelen, F. Unifying reasoning and search to web scale, IEEE Internet Computing, 2007, 11(2): 96, 94-95.
  18. Berners-Lee, T., Hall, W., Hendler, J.A., O’Hara, K., Shadbolt, N. and Weitzner, D.J. A Framework for Web science, Foundations and Trends in Web Science, 2006, 1(1): 1-130.
  19. Chen, B.C. and Hsiang, J. A logic framework of knowledge retrieval with fuzziness, Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence, 2004: 524-528.
  20. Tranel, Daniel, Damasio, Antonio. The neurobiology of knowledge retrieval. Behavioral and Brain Science, 22(2): 303-303, 1999.
  21. Jennifer H. Pfeifer, Matthew D. Lieberman, Mirella Dapretto. “I Know You Are But What Am I?!”: Neural Bases of Self-and Social Knowledge Retrieval in Children and Adults, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(8), MIT Press, August 2007.
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