Australia at the 1964 Summer Paralympics

Also known as the 13th Stoke Mandeville Games, the 1964 Summer Paralympics was the 2nd Paralympic Games.[1] Hosted in Tokyo, the games ran from 8 to 12 November.[1] Australia won a total of 30 medals (12 gold, 11 silver, and 7 bronze) and finished fourth on the medal tally behind Italy (3rd), Great Britain (2nd) and the United States (1st). Australia competed in 6 of the 9 sports at the Games, winning medals in each of those sports, but was most successful in the pool, winning a majority of their medals in swimming events.

Australia at the 1964 Summer Paralympics
IPC code	AUS
NPC	Australian Paralympic Committee
Website	www.paralympic.org.au
in Tokyo
Medals Ranked 4th	Gold 12 Silver 11 Bronze 7 Total 30
Summer Paralympics appearances (overview)
1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020

Background

Prior to the 1964 Paralympic Games, some of the athletes competed in the 1962 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in Perth whilst others competed in the Third 'National Paraplegic Games' in Adelaide in order to qualify for the Paralympic Games.[2]
There was no selection process for the venue of the 1964 Paralympic Games, it simply went to the city that had hosted the Olympics as it had 4 years ago in Rome (1960). Also there is no record of a Paralympic flame or mascot at these games.[3]
The Australian team left Sydney for Tokyo on 5 November 1964, comprising 25 athletes, staff and others, having conducted final preparations and briefing at Prince Henry's Hospital. On 7 November, the team attended a reception hosted by the Governor of Tokyo Dr Royotaro Ayuimo.[4] The opening ceremony was held the following day, involving 375 competitors and 144 medal events in 9 sports.[5]
Australians encountered two issues at the games, the first being the weather and the second was the timing of the games. On the first day athletes faced bitterly cold headwinds which effected the discus, shot put and javelin events causing the events to be restarted.[3][6] Timing was also tight, as the games only lasted a total of four and a half days. This made for a very busy schedule for athletes competing in multiple events.[3] However, despite these issues the games were given a glowing review by members of the Australian Paralympic team. The events were well organised and the athletes were treated with a sense of legitimacy and professionalism that had so far been absent from disability sport. One Australian athlete recalls, ‘At the village we [were] halted by a magnificent entrance welcoming us with flags, banners and posters for the Paralympics. It was clear that Japan had decided to show their visitors the hospitality and efficiency that she had shown the Olympic Visitors’[7]

Team

Members of the Australian team at the opening ceremony of the Tokyo Games, 3 November 1964

Australia sent 15 athletes to the 1964 Summer Paralympics.

The team members were:

Athlete Location Bruce Thwaite (Team Captain) New South Wales Daphne Ceeney New South Wales Alan McLucas New South Wales Trevor French New South Wales John Martin New South Wales Gary Hooper New South Wales Elaine Schreiber Victoria Michael Dow Victoria Vic Renalson Queensland Roy Fowler Queensland Marion O'Brien Western Australia Frank Ponta Western Australia Bill Mather-Brown Western Australia Lionel Cousens Western Australia Elizabeth Edmondson Western Australia

Reserves Location Miko Taminin Queensland J.Gidney New South Wales

Accompanying the team were 8 escorts, all with specific roles to play within the team:
– Dr George Bedbrook (Team Leader & Medical Officer)
– Johnno Johnston (Manager & Remedial Gymnast)
– Margaret Buzacott (Nurse)
– Kevin Betts (Attendant)
– Bill Gibbs (Attendant)
– K. Pinschers (Coach)
– Tim Timmermans (Coach)
– Cyril Thomas (Baggage Master)

Medalists

Medal Name Sport Event  Gold Gary Hooper Athletics Men's Wheelchair dash above T10  Gold Elaine Schreiber Athletics Women's Club throw A  Gold Roy Fowler Swimming Men's 25 m Freestyle Prone Complete class 1  Gold Roy Fowler Swimming Men's 25 m Freestyle Supine Complete class 1  Gold Roy Fowler Swimming Men's 25 m Breaststroke Complete class 1  Gold Michael Dow Swimming Men's 50 m Freestyle Supine Incomplete class 3  Gold Michael Dow Swimming Men's 50 m Breaststroke Incomplete Class 3  Gold Elizabeth Edmondson Swimming Women's 50 m Freestyle Prone Complete class 5  Gold Elizabeth Edmondson Swimming Women's 50 m Freestyle Supine Cauda Equina  Gold Elizabeth Edmondson Swimming Women's 50 m Breaststroke Cauda Equina  Gold Frank Ponta Swimming Men's 25 m Freestyle Supine Complete class 2  Gold Daphne Ceeney Marion O'Brien Table Tennis Women's Doubles C  Silver Roy Fowler Archery Men's St. Nicholas Round open  Silver Lionel Cousens, Roy Fowler, John Martin Archery Men's St. Nicholas Round Team  Silver Australian team Athletics Men's Wheelchair Relay above T10  Silver Elaine Schreiber Athletics Women's Javelin Throw A  Silver Marion O'Brien Athletics Women's Javelin Throw C  Silver Daphne Ceeney Swimming Women's 50 m Freestyle Prone Complete class 5  Silver Trevor French Swimming Men's 25 m Freestyle Supine Complete Class 2  Silver Michael Dow Weightlifting Men's Featherweight  Silver Gary Hooper Weightlifting Men's Lightweight  Silver Vic Renalson Weightlifting Men's Heavyweight  Silver Frank Ponta Wheelchair fencing Men's Foil Novice Individual  Bronze Daphne Ceeney Archery Women's Albion Round Open  Bronze Michael Dow Swimming Men's 50 m Freestyle Prone Incomplete lass 3  Bronze Daphne Ceeney Swimming Women's 50 m freestyle Supine Cauda Equina  Bronze Allan McLucas Table Tennis Men's Singles A2  Bronze Elaine Schreiber Table Tennis Women's Singles B  Bronze Marion O'Brien Table Tennis Women's Singles C  Bronze Daphne Ceeney Wheelchair fencing Women's Foil Individual

Medals by discipline Discipline Total Archery 0 2 1 3 Athletics 2 3 0 5 Wheelchair fencing 0 1 1 2 Swimming 9 2 2 13 Table tennis 1 0 3 4 Weightlifting 0 3 0 3 Total 12 11 7 30

[8]

Further information: 1964 Summer Paralympics medal table

Events

Archery

See also: Archery at the 1964 Summer Paralympics

Roy Fowler holding a trophy and two medals that he won over his sporting career

Gender Australia Represented By Men Lionel Cousens, Roy Fowler, John Martin, Alan McLucas, Trevor French Women Daphne Ceeney

Daphne Ceeney won bronze in the Women's Albion Round open with a score of 538.[9]
Roy Fowler won silver in the Men's St. Nicholas Round open with a score of 700.[9]
Lionel Cousins, Roy Fowler and John Martin won silver in the Men's St. Nicholas Round Team open with a score of 1995.[9]

Athletics

See also: Athletics at the 1964 Summer Paralympics

Gender Australia Represented By Men Michael Dow, Gary Hooper, John Martin, Bill Mather-Brown, Frank Ponta, Vic Renalson Women Daphne Ceeney, Marion O'Brien, Elaine Schreiber

Bill (William) Mather-Brown (60m, Club Throw, Discus Throw, Precision Javelin, Javelin Throw, Shot Put, Slalom), 4x40m Relay? Frank Ponta (Club Throw, Discus Throw, Precision Javelin, Javelin Throw, Shot Put) 4x40m? Mike Dow (60m, Club Throw, Discus Throw, Javelin Throw, Shot Put, Slalom), 4x40m? John Martin (Club Throw, Shot Put) Vic Renalson (Discus Throw)

Marion O'Brien won a silver medal in the Women's Javelin C with a throw of 10.27 metres.[9]

Elaine Schreiber won a gold medal in the Women's Club Throw A with a throw of 17.31 metres and won a silver medal in the Women's Javelin A with a throw of 9.26 metres.[9]

Gary Hooper won a gold medal in the Men's Wheelchair Dash above T10.[9]

Australia won a silver medal in the Men's Wheelchair Relay above T10.[9]

Dartchery

See also: Dartchery at the 1964 Summer Paralympics

Australia was represented by Roy Farmer and his partner with Lionel Cousens and Trevor French and his partner with John Martin.

Snooker

See also: Snooker at the 1964 Summer Paralympics

Australia did not compete in Snooker at the 1964 Summer Paralympics.

Swimming

See also: Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics

Swimming allowed me to move through the water with a certain amount of grace and my disability seemed to disappear in the dimensions of the pool. It got me physically fit, which was a big plus. I enjoyed the competition, the travel and most of all people I met became firm friends. Sport has meant a great deal to me.

Elizabeth Edmondson[10]

Gender Australia Represented By Men Michael Dow, Trevor French, Roy Fowler, Gary Hooper, Alan McLucas, John Martin, Frank Ponta, Bruce Thwaite Women Daphne Ceeney, Elizabeth Edmondson

Coach Tim Timmerman

Trevor French won a silver medal in the Men's 25 m Freestyle Supine complete class 2 with a time of 31.6 seconds.[9]

A young Elizabeth Edmondson recovering from polio (1953)

Daphne Ceeney won a silver medal in the Women's 50 m Freestyle Prone complete class 5 with a time of 40.1 seconds and she won a bronze medal in the Women's 50 m Freestyle Supine cauda equina with a time of 56.4 seconds.[9]

Michael Dow won a gold medal in the Men's 50 m Freestyle Supine incomplete class 3 with a time of 49.7 seconds. He won another gold medal in the Men's 50 m Breaststroke incomplete class 3 with a time of 59.6 seconds. He also won a bronze medal in the Men's 50 m Freestyle Prone incomplete class 3 with a time of 50.9 seconds.[9]

Frank Ponta won a gold medal in the Men's 25 m Freestyle Supine complete class 2 with a time of 30.0 seconds.[9]

Elizabeth Edmondson was the youngest competitor at the games at the age of just 14 years old.[11] Edmondson won a gold medal in the Women's 50 m Breaststroke cauda equina with a time of 1:04.6, a world record. She won a second gold medal in the Women's 50 m Freestyle Prone complete class 5 with a time of 39.7 seconds, a world record. And she won a third gold medal in the Women's 50 m Freestyle Supine cauda equina with a time of 50.8 seconds, another world record.[9][12] At the conclusion of the 1964 Games, Edmondson's parents acknowledged that swimming had greatly helped their daughter, but felt that she needed to quit the sport and concentrate on her education because swimming would not provide her with standing in life.[13] After the 1964 games, Edmondson returned home and prepared for school exams.[11]

Roy Fowler won a gold medal in the Men's 25 m Breaststroke complete class 1 with a time of 45.6 seconds. He won a second gold medal in the Men's 25 m Freestyle Prone complete class 1 with a time of 38.3 seconds. He won a third gold medal in the Men's 25 m Freestyle Supine complete class 1 with a time of 41.0 seconds.[9]

Table Tennis

See also: Table tennis at the 1964 Summer Paralympics

Gender Australia Represented By Men Alan McLucas Women Daphne Ceeney, Marion O'Brien, Elaine Schreiber

Allan McLucas won a bronze medal in the Men's Singles A2.[9]

Elaine Schreiber won a bronze medal in the Women's Singles B.[9]

Marion O'Brien won a bronze medal in the Women's Singles C.[9]

Daphne Ceeney and Marion O'Brien won a gold medal in the Women's Doubles C.[9]

Weightlifting

See also: Weightlifting at the 1964 Summer Paralympics

Gender Australia Represented By Men Michael Dow, Gary Hooper, Bill Mather-Brown, Vic Renalson, Bruce Thwaite

• Weightlifting was the only completely new sport added to the Paralympics this year.[3] Michael Dow won a silver medal in the Men's Featherweight with a lift of 95 kg.[9]

Gary Hooper won a silver medal in the Men's Lightweight.[9]

Vic Renalson won a silver medal in the Men's Heavyweight with a lift of 155 kg. Vic went on to compete in weightlifting and medal in 1968, 1972 and 1976 representing Australia in 4 consecutive Paralympic games.[9][14]

Wheelchair basketball

See also: Wheelchair basketball at the 1964 Summer Paralympics

Australia did not field a wheelchair basketball team at the 1964 Summer Paralympics.[15]

Wheelchair fencing

See also: Wheelchair fencing at the 1964 Summer Paralympics

Gender Australia Represented By Men Gary Hooper, Bill Mather-Brown, Frank Ponta Women Daphne Ceeney

Coach Mr K. Pinches.

Daphne Ceeney won a bronze medal in the Women's Foil Individual.[9]

Frank Ponta won a silver medal in the Men's Foil Novice Individual.[9]

Competition Venues

Although the games used the same village from the Olympic Games, most of the sporting facilities differed from those used in the Olympic Games.[3] The National gymnasium and the National Gymnasium Annexe were the only venues used for both games.[3] Overall, the sports were spread across seven venues. These included:

1. Oda Field: (Athletics and the Opening Ceremony)
2. National Gymnasium: (Snooker, Table Tennis and Weightlifting)
3. National Gymnasium Annexe: (Indoor Basketball venue and Closing Ceremony)
4. Basketball Venue (Outdoor).
5. Archery and Dartchery Venue.
6. Tokyo Metropolitan Indoor Swimming Pool.
7. Fencing venue.

Opening ceremony

The opening ceremony was held on Sunday 8 November at 10.00 am on the 'Oda' Track and Field stadium. Emperor Akihito (who was the Japanese Crown Prince in 1964) and his wife Empress Michiko (who was the Japanese Crown Princess) attended the opening ceremony and officially opened the Games. The ceremony began with a colourful, flag-waving procession of 375 athletes across the represented 21 countries.[16] This procession was led by a marching band of young Japanese girls.[3] Speeches from the Crown Prince and other representatives transpired before Japanese swimmer Shigeo Aono took the athlete's oath.[3][17] What followed was the release of hundreds of pigeons into the air.[3] To conclude the opening ceremony, a demonstration of traditional Japanese fencing was undertaken by members of the Defence Force.[3]

Closing Ceremony

Sir Ludwig Guttmann, the neurologist who established the Paralympic Games[18]

Before 1964, the Paralympics had not held an official closing ceremony in accordance with the tradition of the Stoke Mandeville Games, however Tokyo was the first to stage a formal closing ceremony setting a new tradition for subsequent events.[1] The ceremony was held on Thursday 12 November at 5.00pm in the Olympic Gymnasium Annexe, "a grand amphitheatre", according to Australian Paraplegic.[19] Once again it was attended by the Crown Prince and Princess who gave out numerous special prizes to the outstanding athletes of the Games in front of over 5000 spectators. Sir Ludwig Guttmann attended and gave a speech thanking the Japanese people and the organising committee for putting on such a wonderful event.[3] "Everybody present collectively sang Auld Lang Syne and as the sound of thousands of people joining together rang out, the atmosphere was unforgettable and truly celebratory".[20] The impact of the Games was felt when Japanese students and children raced to catch the hats of the athletes and participants who tossed them into the gathering crowds.

Athlete's Reflection of the Games

Wheelchair Fencer Bill Mather-Brown: "Tokyo was way above Stoke Mandeville of ’57 and the previous 1960 Rome Paralympics." "Athletes were far more highly trained and the Japanese conducted the whole affair in a most business-like manner".[21]

Swimmer and Weightlifter Michael Dow: "I went there with absolutely no idea of how competitive the events would be". "I was quite chuffed with the two gold medals".[21]

Swimmer Elizabeth Edmondson: "At the time I didn’t know how much the Paralympic Movement would grow because not much of a fuss was made". "My parents couldn’t come with me and there wasn’t much coverage of what happened".[21]

"Without the Paralympic Games being accessible to the general public and without results being readily available, families and friends of athletes would eagerly await telegrams to hear the results of their loved ones", Edmondson recalls. "My parents received a telegram about my gold medals when I was in Tokyo and my sister remembers being called out of class as an eight year old to be told the news".[21]

Edmondson also recalls the tight schedule and the events she competed in during the games. "I swam all three events on one night with no heats and there were only 25m and 50m events".[21]

See also

• Australia at the Paralympics

References

1. "Overview of the Summer Paralympic Games". Journal of the Nippon Foundation Paralympic Research Group. 26: 86. January 2015.
2. The Paraplegic Association of South Australia; The Paraplegic Sports Club of South Australia. Official programme, Third Australian Paraplegic Games, Adelaide, South Australia, September 10–12 1964. Royal Adelaide Hospital Paraplegic Unit.
3. Brittain, Ian (2012). From Stoke Mandeville to Stratford : A history of the Summer Paralympic Games. Sydney, Australia: Commonground Publishing. pp. 68, 69, 72. ISBN 9781863359863.
4. Australian Paraplegic Vol.3 No. 4, December 1964, pp.7, 9
5. "Tokyo 1964". International Paralympic Committee Website. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
6. "Paralympics Held In Bitter Winds" (Newspaper Article). Brisbane: The Telegraph. 10 November 1964. p. 38.
7. "With the Australian Paraplegic Team in Tokyo,"The Australian Paraplegic 3, no.4 (1964), 9
8. "1964 Tokoyo Medallists". International Paralympic Committee Historical Results Database. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
9. "Results". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
10. Mather-Brown, Bill (2002). The fight in the dog. Perth: T. Beck. p. 273. ISBN 0958000107.
11. "Young Heroine Returns". The West Australian. Perth, Western Australia. 19 November 1964. p. 7.
12. International Paralympic Committee; Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee (2000). Paralympic Games results : Rome 1960 to Atlanta 1996. Sydney, Australia: Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee. pp. 534, 535, 536. OCLC 223030936.
13. "Another Golden Girl, Elizabeth Beats Polio". The Herald-Sun. Melbourne, Victoria: AAP, Reuters. 11 November 1964. p. 15.
14. Smith, Jeanette (2011). Pushing Strong: Celebrating Fifty Years of Wheelchair Sports NSW 1961 - 2011. Playright Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 9780980666694.
15. Labanowich, Stan; Thiboutot, Armand. "Team Rosters:Paralympic Games (Men) 1960–1980" (PDF). Wheelchairs Can Jump. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
16. Frost, Dennis (2012). "Tokyo's Other Games: The Origins and Impact of the 1964 Paralympics". International Journal of the History of Sport. 29 (4).
17. "Opening and Closing Ceremonies of Tokyo 1964 Paralympic Games". International Paralympic Committee. Missing or empty |url= (help)
18. Gilbert, Keith.; Schantz, Otto J (2008). ‘’The Paralympic Games: Empowerment or Side Show?’’, p. 8. Meyer & Meyer, UK. ISBN 978-1-84126-265-9.
19. December 1964, Australian Paraplegic Council, Perth, p. 15.
20. International Paralympic Committee. "Opening and Closing Ceremonies of Tokyo 1964 Paralympic Games". Retrieved 27 October 2015.
21. Australian Paralympic Committee (2014). "Australian Paralympians reflect on Tokyo 1964". International Paralympic Committee. Missing or empty |url= (help)

Further reading

Several oral histories are available online from Australian athletes who competed at the Games.

• Kevin Coombs interviewed by Robin Poke in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Library of Australia, 2010
• Daphne Hilton (nee Ceeney) interviewed by Robin Poke in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Library of Australia, 2010
• Gary Hooper interviewed by Rob Willis in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Library of Australia, 2010
• Frank Ponta interviewed by Robin Poke in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Libraty of Australia, 2010
• Bill Mather-Brown interviewed by Robin Poke in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Library of Australia, 2010
• John Martin interviewed by Ian Jobling in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Library of Australia, 2012
• Elizabeth Edmonson interviewed by Ian Jobling in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Library of Australia, 2012

External links

• Paralympics Games history – Summer