Amuda

Amuda (Arabic: عامودا‎, romanized: 'Āmūdā, Kurdish: Amûdê‎) is a town in Al Hasakah Governorate in northeastern Syria close to the Syria–Turkey border. As a result of the ongoing Syrian civil war, Amuda is currently under the civil control of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria and military control of the Syrian Army.[1]

Amuda

عامودا

Amûdê
Town
Amuda
Location in Syria
Coordinates: 37°06′15″N 40°55′48″E
Country Syria
Governorateal-Hasakah
DistrictQamishli
SubdistrictAmuda
Control Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
Elevation
470 m (1,540 ft)
Population
 (2004 census)
 • Total26,821
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)+3

History
Tell Shermola
Tell Amuda (Kemaliya)

There are two tells in the area; one inside Amuda itself, and the other on the Turkish side of the border, three kilometers north of the city.[2] In older and some modern literature, the tell inside Amuda is named Tell Amuda, but for locals its name is Tell Shermola, while the tell on the Turkish side is the real Tell Amuda, which had its name changed by the Turkish authorities to Tell Kemaliya.[3]

Tell Shermola revealed evidence for a limited occupation dating to the third millennium BC.[3]

Middle Assyrian period

Archaeological evidence from Shermola dating to the middle Assyrian period reveal that the city was inhabited by Assyrians as early as the reign of Shalmaneser I (1250 BC).[4]

Shermola is identified by Elisabeth Wagner-Durand and Jeanne Marie Aynard with the Assyrian city of Kulishinas (Kulišinaš).[5][6][7] This identification is based on tablets written in Kulishinas discovered and sold to museums by a dealer who claimed that they were taken from Shermola; hence, the identification is not certain, although Shermola being a Middle Assyrian city is confirmed by archaeology.[8]

Modern era

The demographics of this area saw a huge shift in the early part of the 20th century. Kurdish tribes cooperated with Ottoman authorities in the genocide against Armenian and Assyrian Christians in Upper Mesopotamia and were in return granted their land as a reward. Kurdish tribes attacked and sacked Assyrian and Armenian villages in Albaq District immediately to the north of Hakkari mountains, killing large numbers of villagers.[9][10][11][12] In 1936, French forces bombarded Amuda (Tusha Amudi). On 13 August 1937, in a revenge attack, about 500 Kurds from the Dakkuri, Milan, and Kiki tribes attacked the then predominantly Christian Amuda and burned the town down. The Christian population, about 300 families, fled to the towns of Qamishli and Hasakah.[13][14][15][16] In 1941, the Assyrian community of al-Malikiyah was subjected to a vicious assault. Even though the assault failed, Assyrians were terrorized and left in large numbers, and the immigration of Kurds from Turkey to the area have resulted in a Kurdish majority in Amuda, al-Malikiyah, and al-Darbasiyah.[17][18]

On 13 November 1960, more than 200 children died in a fire at a movie theatre, the Amouda cinema.[19] There is a park in Amuda that commemorates the event.[20]

On 12 March 2004, an anti-government uprising took place in the city. As of 2004, Amuda is the fourth largest town in Al-Hasakah governorate.[21]

In July 2017 the 90-year old Mor Elias Church was restored and reopened in the city. As of 2017 only one Assyrian family remains in Amuda.[18][22]

Syrian civil war
A demonstration against the Syrian government in Amuda on 19 August 2011

With the dawn of the Syrian civil war, the rule of the Bashar al-Assad government ended in much of Northern Syria. Free Syrian Army fighters were briefly seen in the town[23] during the July 2012 withdrawal of government troops from the area, but by 21 July 2012 the People's Protection Units (commonly known as YPG) established control.[24] The early days of Democratic Union Party (PYD) influence in Amuda was not without conflict – in June 2013, clashes took place.[25] Opponents of the PYD stated that fighters had opened fire on protesters following tensions with pro-Free Syrian Army youth committees and rivalling Kurdish groups. The PYD on the other hand stated it had been attacked by a mercenary gang.[26][25] Due to the onslaught of "Islamic State" fighters, thousands of refugees have moved towards Amuda.[27]

Following the Rojava Revolution, the first meeting of the Democratic Autonomous Administration of the Jazira Canton was held in Amuda following its 21 January 2014 declaration. Qamishli was declared as the Canton's de jure capital, with Amuda acting as such for the time being. The meeting was held at the Hurî Culture and Art Centre, and was attended by the assembly president Ekrem Hiso, his two Arab and Assyrian deputies, and 22 ministers.[28] In July 2014 two new co-mayors were elected for the Canton, by a council gathered in Amuda. Those elected were Hamedi Daham (a sheikh of the Arab Shammar tribe) and Hadiya Yousif (former head of the Women's Protection Units, YPJ).[29] In November 2014 Bernard Kouchner, former foreign minister of France and co-founder of Doctors Without Borders, visited Amuda and met with local senior officials.[30]

Following the Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone agreement, SDF fighters withdrew from the city, leaving it under the military control of the Syrian Army.[1]

Amuda under the administration of the PYD

The end of government rule in July 2012 has resulted in a rejuvenation in Kurdish culture in Amuda. Following the departure of the Syrian Arab Army, Kurdish flags could again be sold in its markets, and a large demand for traditional Kurdish clothing likewise appeared. While the town was still under government control, a Kurdish language center was opened in 2011, working under threat. Since the arrival of the YPG the center can operate safely, resulting in an overflow of students. In late 2012 Ronahi TV was founded, the only Syrian television channel that broadcasts in Kurdish. It has 50 employees, some of them Arabs, presenting "more than 25 political, cultural, and social programs in Kurdish and Arabic".[31]

In August 2015 a Swedish activist group from Malmö (Allt åt Alla) launched the "Rojava Electricity Project", a crowdfunding campaign on the site Indiegogo, to raise money for Amuda. The goal is to, in the span of 23 days, collect $23,000 United States dollars to help repair the town's Swedish-made generators.[32] An electricity crisis is growing in Rojava, and according to the local economic committee three of Amuda's five generators are not functioning. Once the generators have been fixed using the funds procured through the campaign, the estimate is that 1320Kw will be generated, and that 800 households that are currently cut off will receive 10 hours of electricity a day.[33][34]

Demographics

In 2004 the population was 26,821, 90% of the inhabitants in the town are Kurds and Syrian Yazidis, in addition to a significant number of Arabs and one remaining Assyrian family.[35][36][18][22] Some Arab and Kurdish inhabitants are refugees from other Syrian cities, they came during the last five years.

Historical landmarks
  • Park of Amuda cinema
  • Sharmola hill
  • Cemetery of Amuda
  • The Grand Mosque
  • Alarasa Market
  • Fatura Souq

Notable people

Poets and writers:

  • Haitham Hussein
  • Hasan Draei
  • Salim Barakat
  • Ismail Kamil, politician, member of the Swedish Parliament 2010-2014
  • Halim Yusiv Novelist and journalist.
  • Hakim Sefkan Poet and singer.
gollark: Is anything below `ghc` in the stack implementation details to you?
gollark: The machine code for them is excessively complex too, now, but I suppose you mostly write Haskell and whatnot which is then compiled to that.
gollark: They have ridiculously complex manufacturing processes because the transistors are on the scale of a few hundred atoms, it's crazy.
gollark: Also, with your processor comment, you are kind of underselling the complexity involved. It's not separate transistors, they're all just made on large bits of silicon together and wired up. Billions of them per processor.
gollark: In the case of games, which are basically just *information*, though, you can both use it because it can be copied (assuming no DRM meddling).

References
  1. Staff, Editorial (28 October 2019). "Syrian Kurds say pulling out from entire length of Turkey border". Kurd Net - Ekurd.net Daily News. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  2. Giorgio Buccellati, Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati (1988). Mozan. p. 89. ISBN 9780890031940.
  3. Giorgio Buccellati, Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati (1988). Mozan. p. 36. ISBN 9780890031940.
  4. Dominik Bonatz (2014). The Archaeology of Political Spaces: The Upper Mesopotamian Piedmont in the Second Millennium BCE. p. 73. ISBN 9783110266405.
  5. Giorgio Buccellati, Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati (1988). Mozan. p. 35. ISBN 9780890031940.
  6. Edward Lipiński (2000). The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion. p. 39. ISBN 9789042908598.
  7. J. N. Postgate (2007). The Land of Assur & the Yoke of Assur: Studies on Assyria, 1971-2005. p. 126. ISBN 9781842172162.
  8. Daisuke Shibata (2012). "Local Power in the Middle Assyrian Period: The "Kings of the Land of Māri" in the Middle Habur Region". In Gernot Wilhelm (ed.). Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 54th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Würzburg, 20-25 July 2008. Eisenbrauns. p. 496.
  9. R. S. Stafford (2006). The Tragedy of the Assyrians. p. 24–25. ISBN 9781593334130.
  10. Hovannisian, Richard G., 2007. [The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies https://books.google.com/books?id=K3monyE4CVQC&pg=PA271]. Accessed on 11 November 2014.
  11. Joan A. Argenter, R. McKenna Brown (2004). On the Margins of Nations: Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights. p. 199. ISBN 9780953824861.
  12. Lazar, David William, not dated. A brief history of the plight of the Christian Assyrians* in modern day Iraq Archived 17 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. American Mespopotamian.
  13. Jordi Tejel, "Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society", footnote 57.
  14. Watenpaugh, Keith David (2014). Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class. Princeton University Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-1400866663.
  15. John Joseph, "Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East", p107.
  16. Saqr Abu Fakhr in As-Safir, Abu Fakhr, Saqr, 2013. As-Safir daily Newspaper, Beirut. in Arabic Christian Decline in the Middle East: A Historical View
  17. Abu Fakhr, Saqr, 2013. As-Safir daily Newspaper, Beirut. in Arabic Christian Decline in the Middle East: A Historical View
  18. http://www.aina.org/reports/utrmcfsi.pdf
  19. "Children Die in Movie House Fire", Daytona Beach Morning Journal, 15 November 1960, p4
  20. Rubin, Michael (13 February 2014). "The U.S. Gets the Kurds Wrong — Again". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  21. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. Hughs, Chris (20 July 2012). ""The regime is going through its last days": Fierce clashes in the battle for Damascus as Assad denies he's fleeing to Russia". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  24. "Clashes between Kurds and Syrian army in the Kurdish city of Qamişlo, Western Kurdistan". Ekurd Daily. 21 July 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  25. "Kurdish militia kills three protesters in Syria town: activists". The Daily Star. Agence France-Presse. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  26. Glioti, Andrea (1 July 2013). "Syrian Kurdish Group Linked to PKK Kills Protesters". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  27. Westall, Sylvia; Perry, Tom (27 June 2015). "Islamic State kills at least 145 civilians in Syria's Kobani". Reuters. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  28. "Al-Qamishli to be capital city of Jazeera Canton in Syrian Kurdistan". Firat News. 26 January 2014.
  29. "Kurdish Canton in Syria led by an Arab Sheikh". Bas News. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  30. Aumri, Masud (29 November 2014). "Former French Foreign Minister Advises Rojava to Get Closer to KRG". Bas News. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  31. "Long taboo, Kurdish culture sees renaissance in Syria". The Straits Times. Agence France-Presse. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  32. "De vill hjälpa Rojova med elförsörjning". Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). 12 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  33. McKernan, Bethan (11 August 2015). "There's a peaceful region in the middle of Isis territory and it's running out of electricity". The Independent. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  34. Andersson, Nicklas (8 August 2015). "Deras projekt kan hjälpa hundratusentals ISIS-offer i Rojava". Aktuellt Fokus (in Swedish). Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  35. Baladi, Enab (14 August 2016). "Arabs, Kurds, and the social ties that overcome political conflicts". Enab Baladi English. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  36. http://www.lekolin.org/haber-3961--JI-SEDI-61-NISTECIHEN-KANTONA-CIZIRE-KURDIN.html
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