Al-Maqdisi

Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Shams al-Dīn Al-Maqdisī
Arabic: مُحَمَّد ابْن أَحْمَد شَمْس ٱلدِّيْن ٱلْمَقْدِسِي‎
Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Shams al-Dīn Al-Maqdisī ; Arabic: مُحَمَّد ابْن أَحْمَد شَمْس ٱلدِّيْن ٱلْمَقْدِسِي‎
Born	c. 945/946 CE; Jerusalem, Palestine
Died	991 CE; Fatimid Caliphate
Academic background
Influences	Al-Balkhi
Academic work
Era	Islamic Golden Age
School or tradition	Balkhi school
Main interests	Islamic geography
Notable works	The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Regions

Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Abī Bakr al-Maqdisī (Arabic: شَمْس ٱلدِّيْن أَبُو عَبْد ٱلله مُحَمَّد ابْن أَحْمَد ابْن أَبِي بَكْر ٱلْمَقْدِسِي‎), better known as al-Maqdisī (Arabic: ٱلْمَقْدِسِي‎) or al-Muqaddasī (Arabic: ٱلْمُقَدَّسِي‎), (c. 945/946 – 991) was a medieval Arab[1] geographer, author of Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm (The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Regions), as well as author of the book, Description of Syria (Including Palestine). He is one of the earliest known historical figures to self-identify as a Palestinian during his travels.[2][3]

Biography

Sources

Outside of his own work, there is little biographical information available about al-Maqdisi.[4] He is neither found in the voluminous biographies of Ibn Khallikan (d. 1282) nor were the aspects of his life mentioned in the works of his contemporaries.[5]

Early life and education

Al-Maqdisi was from Jerusalem (Bayt al-Maqdis in Arabic), from which he received his name. He was particularly fond of the city and described it at length in his geographic work.

He was born in Jerusalem in ca. 946 and belonged to a middle class family whose roots in the city's environs dated from the period approximate to the 7th-century Muslim conquest.[4][5][6] According to historian André Miquel, al-Maqdisi "was very much attached to the Palestine of his birth and to the town whose name he bears".[4] Al-Maqdisī or alternatively al-Muqaddasī was a nisba indicating that he was from "Bayt al-Maqdis" or "Bayt al-Muqaddas", the Muslim names for Jerusalem.[4] His paternal grandfather, Abu Bakr al-Banna, had been responsible for the construction of Acre's maritime fortifications under orders from Ahmad ibn Tulun (r. 868–884), the autonomous Abbasid governor of Egypt and Syria.[4] Al-Maqdisi's maternal grandfather, Abu Tayyib al-Shawwa, moved to Jerusalem from Biyar in Khurasan and was also an architect.[4]

As can be inferred by his work and social background, al-Maqdisi was likely well-educated.[4] Miquel asserts that al-Maqdisi's use of "rhymed prose, even poetry" is indicative of a strong knowledge in Arabic grammar and literature.[4] Likewise, his writings show that he possessed an early interest in Islamic jurisprudence, history, philology and hadith.[4]

Pursuits in geography

Al-Maqdisi made his first Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) in 967.[4] During this period, he became determined to devote himself to the study of geography.[6] To acquire the necessary information, he undertook a series of journeys throughout the Islamic world,[6][7] ultimately visiting all of its lands with the exception of al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), Sindh and Sistan.[7] The known dates or date ranges of al-Maqdisi's travels include his journey to Aleppo sometime between 965 and 974, his second pilgrimage to Mecca in 978, a visit to Khurasan in 984 and his stay in Shiraz in 985 when he decided to compose his material.[4] The finished work was titled Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fi maʾarfat al-aqalīm (The Best Divisions for the Knowledge of the Provinces).[8]

Work

The regions of Islam in the tenth century, based on Al-Maqdisi's work

Though possibly influenced by predecessors al-Jahiz (d. 869), who introduced the "science of countries", and Ibn al-Faqih (fl. 902), al-Maqdisi "surpassed" both "all to the advantage of what certainly should be called a true geography", according to Miquel.[8] Moreover, Miquel surmises that al-Maqdisi "was probably the first to have desired and conceived" true geography as an "original science", an assertion that al-Maqdisi himself makes in the preface of Aḥsan al-taqāsīm.[8] He belonged to the school known as the "atlas of Islam", inaugurated by Abu Zayd al-Balkhi (d. 934) and developed by Istakhri (d. 957) and al-Maqdisi's contemporary Ibn Hawqal (d. 978).[8]

Al-Balkhi's school almost exclusively dealt with the Islamic world, to which al-Maqdisi too devoted his studies.[8] Al-Maqdisi refers to this world as al-mamlaka or al-Islām (the Domain of Islam), a unique concept in which all of the lands of Islam constituted a single domain.[8] He subdivided this domain into two parts: mamlakat al-ʿArab (domain of the Arabs) and mamlakat al-ʿAjam (domain of the non-Arabs).[8] The former consisted, from east to west, of the six provinces of Iraq, Aqur (Upper Mesopotamia), Arabia, Syria, Egypt and the Maghreb, while the latter consisted of the eight provinces of the Mashriq (Sistan, Afghanistan, Khurasan and Transoxiana), Sindh, Kirman, Fars, Khuzistan, Jibal, Daylam and Rihab (Armenia, Adharbayjan and Aran).[8]

Description of Palestine

Aḥsan al-taqāsīm gives a systematic account of all the places and regions al-Maqdisi had visited.[6] He devoted a section of his book to Bilad al-Sham (the Levant) with a particular focus on Palestine.[9] In contrast to travelers to Palestine, such as Arculf (c. 680s), Nasir Khusraw (c. 1040s) and others, who were pilgrims, al-Maqdisi gave detailed insights into the region's population, way of life, economy and climate.[9] He paid special attention to Jerusalem, detailing its layout, walls, streets, markets, public structures and landmarks, particularly the Haram ash-Sharif (Temple Mount) and the latter's Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque.[9] He described the city's people and customs, focusing on its Muslims, but also its Christian and Jewish communities, whose significant presence he lamented.[9]

Al-Maqdisi also gave extensive overviews of Ramla and Tiberias, the capitals of the Palestine and Jordan districts, respectively.[9] To a lesser extent, he described Acre, Beisan, Bayt Jibrin, Caesarea, Amman and Aila.[9] In his descriptions of the aforementioned cities, al-Maqdisi noted their prosperity and stability and gave a general impression of Palestine as densely populated and wealthy, with numerous localities.[9]

Guy Le Strange comments on al-Maqdisi's work:

His description of Palestine, and especially of Jerusalem, his native city, is one of the best parts of the work. All that he wrote is the fruit of his own observation, and his descriptions of the manners and customs of the various countries, bear the stamp of a shrewd and observant mind, fortified by profound knowledge of both books and men.[6]

Description of Eastern Arabia

Hafit {Tuwwam} abounds in palm trees; it lies in the direction of Hajar {Al-Hasa}, and the mosque is in the markets ... Dibba and Julfar, both in the direction of the Hajar, are close to the sea ... Tuwwam has been dominated by a branch of the Quraysh ...
— Al-Muqaddasi, 985 CE.[10]

Al-Maqdisi mentioned regions in Eastern Arabia which form parts of what are now Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Oman. Al-Hasa is an important oasis region in the eastern part of Saudi Arabia, whereas Tuwwam is another oasis region split between the UAE and Oman, comprising the modern settlements of Al Ain and Al-Buraimi on different sides of the Omani-UAE border. Dibba is another region split between the UAE and Oman, touching the Musandam Peninsula, which is partly ruled by the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, where the ancient settlement of Julfar is located.[10]

gollark: Oh, and factorial (continuous, via "gamma function" technology).

gollark: erf, statistical distributions, ln, abs, sqrt/other powers, hyperbolic functions, inverse trignometric functions, exp (e^x), sum, product, integral, derivative, mod, ceil/floor/sign/round, gcd, lcm.

gollark: You should use non-trigonometric things.

gollark: Why would it not? You can make equations arbitrarily big\*.* get more RAM

gollark: Ugh, bee message ordering problems.

References

Rahman, Mushtaqur (2008). "Al‐Muqaddasī". Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. p. 145. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8963. ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.
Al-Ju'beh, Nazmi (2008). Heacock, Roger (ed.). Temps et espaces en Palestine: Flux et résistances identitaires. Beirut, Lebanon: Presses de l'Ifpo. pp. 205–231. ISBN 9782351592656. Archived from the original on 19 Mar 2018.
al-Maqdīsī, Muḥammad Ibn-Aḥmad (2003). Riḥlat al-Maqdisī : aḥsan at-taqāsīm fī maʻrifat al-aqālīm ; 985 - 990. Beirut: al-Muʼassasa al-ʻArabīya li-'d-dirāsāt wa-'n-našr [u.a.] / The Arab Institute for Studies and Publishing. p. 362. ISBN 978-9953441351. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
Miquel 1993, p. 492.
Al-Mukaddasi, ed. Le Strange 1886, p. iii
Le Strange 1890, pp. 5–6
Scholten 1980, p. 1.
Miquel 1993, p. 493.
Avni 1994, pp. 3–4.
Morton, Michael Quentin (15 April 2016). Keepers of the Golden Shore: A History of the United Arab Emirates (1st ed.). London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-7802-3580-6. Retrieved 8 November 2016.

Bibliography

Avni, Gideon (2014). The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968433-5.
Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
Gildemeister, J. (1884). "Mukaddasi". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 7: 143 –172, 215 – 230.
Miquel, A. (1993). "Al-Mukaddasi". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 462–493. ISBN 90-04-09419-9.
Mukaddasi (1886). Le Strange, G. (ed.). Description of Syria, including Palestine. London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society.
Scholten, Arnhild (1980). "Al-Muqaddasi, c. 945-c. 988". In Freeman, T. W.; Pinchemel, P. (eds.). Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies, Volume 4. Mansell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-3110-7.