Adur Gushnasp

Adur Gushnasp (Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭲𐭥𐭫𐭩 𐭦‎𐭩 𐭢𐭱𐭭𐭮𐭯‎ ʾtwly ZY gšnsp[1] Ādur ī Gušnasp; New Persian: آذرگشسب Āzargušasb)[2] was the name of a Zoroastrian sacred fire of the highest grade (Atash Behram), which served as one of the three most sacred fires of pre-Islamic Iran[3]; the two others being the Adur Farnbag and Adur Burzen-mihr.[4] Out of the three, Adur Gushnasp is the only fire whose temple structure has been discovered and "for which archaeological, sigillographical, and textual evidence are all available."[4] The temple, constructed by the Sasanian kings, was based at the modern-day site of Takht-e Soleyman in the West Azerbaijan Province. It served as a prominent site of pilgrimage.[4]

The ruins of Takht-e Soleyman, where the fire of Adur Gushnasp was stored.

The name Takht-e Soleyman ("the throne of Solomon") was first used in the Islamic era; beforehand the site had been known as Mount Asnavand, a name given by Median priests.[5] The identification of the site of Takht-e Soleyman with that of the fire temple of Adur Gushnasp became clear when a Sasanian era-bullae was discovered there, which had the following engraving "High-priest of the house of the fire of Gushnasp" (mowbed i xanag i Adur i Gushnasp).[6]

The fire is not mentioned in early Sasanian sources, and archaeology suggests that the fire was first taken to the site in Azerbaijan (Adurbadagan) in the late 4th or early 5th-century.[7] Under the Sasanians, the fire was linked with the warrior class (arteshtār), which the Sasanian dynasty itself belonged to.[8] In the same fashion as the Arsacids on Adur Burzen-mihr, the Sasanian kings bestowed gifts on the temple of Adur Gushnasp, the first recorded king being Bahram V (r. 420–438).[7] The latter is mentioned in several instances related to the fire, such as celebrating Nowruz and Sadeh there, and also entrusting the high priest to convert his Indian wife.[9] Khosrow I (r. 531–579) reportedly visited the fire before launching a military expedition.[9] He also bestowed the fire an extensive amount of riches part of the tribute which the Byzantines paid the Sasanians.[9] Kings were not the only ones who made offerings to the fire; according to the Saddar Bundahesh, it is recommended that when praying to reclaim eyesight to swear, "I shall make an eye of gold and send it to Adur Gushnasp" or, in order to make a child become astute and sensible, send a present to the fire.[9] The fire temple of Adur Gushnasp was renowned for its immense amount of wealth in Byzantine and Islamic sources.[6]

The fire temple was sacked in 623/4 by Heraclius during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628.[10] The Iranians succeeded in saving the fire, which they later restored to the temple, which was quickly rebuilt.[11] The apocalyptical Middle Persian text Zand-i Wahman yasn may report some form of contemporary memory of the destruction of the temple; "They will remove Adur Gushnasp from its place . . . on account of (the devastation of) these armies, Adur Gushnasp will be carried to Padishkhwargar."[9]

The fire continued to burn for a long period in the Islamic era, but persecution eventually increased, and by the late 10th-century, or early 11th-century, the fire had most likely been quenched.[9] Not longer after, a local Muslim ruler used the remains of the temple to erect a palace on the hilltop.[9]

References

1. Middleton, Sheila Hoey; Corkill, Norman Lace; Montague, Leopold Agar Denys (1998). Seals, Finger Rings, Engraved Gems and Amulets in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter: From the Collections of Lt. Colonel L.A.D. Montague and Dr. N.L. Corkill ; Photographs by Robert Wilkins. Exeter City Museums and the author. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-85522-587-9.
2. New Persian variants: آذرگشنسب Āzargušnasb, آذرشسپ Āzaršaspc; see Dehkhoda Dictionary
3. Kia 2016, p. 71.
4. Potts & Canepa 2018. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPottsCanepa2018 (help)
5. Boyce 1983, pp. 475–476; Boyce 1984, p. 124; Boyce & Grenet 1991, p. 75
6. Yamamoto 1981, p. 75.
7. Boyce 1984, p. 124.
8. Yamamoto 1981, p. 84; Boyce 1983, pp. 475–476
9. Boyce 1983, pp. 475–476.
10. Boyce 1983, pp. 475–476; Boyce 1984, p. 142; Yamamoto 1981, p. 75
11. Boyce 1983, pp. 475–476; Boyce 1984, p. 142

Sources

• Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (1991). Beck, Roger (ed.). A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9004293915.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Boyce, Mary (1984). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. pp. 1–252. ISBN 9780415239028.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Boyce, M. (1983). "Ādur Gušnasp". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 5. pp. 475–476.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Kia, Mehrdad (2016). The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610693912.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Payne, Richard E. (2015). A State of Mixture: Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity. Univ of California Press. pp. 1–320. ISBN 9780520961531.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Potts, Daniel; Canepa, Matthew (2018). "fires of Iran, great". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.
• Yamamoto, Yumiko (1981). "The Zoroastrian Temple Cult of Fire in Archaeology and Literature (II)". 17. Tokyo University: 67–104. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)