7.7 cm Leichte Kraftwagengeschütze M1914

The 7.7 cm Leichte Kraftwagengeschütze M1914 was an early German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun developed before and used during the First World War. Static and trailer mounted versions of the gun were designated 7.7 cm FlaK L/27.

7.7 cm Leichte Kraftwagengeschütze M1914
A German 7.7 cm M1914 in action in Flanders.
Type	Anti-aircraft gun
Place of origin	German Empire
Service history
Used by	German Empire
Wars	World War I
Production history
Designer	Krupp
Designed	1914
Manufacturer	Krupp Rheinmetall
Produced	1914
No. built	156[1]
Specifications
Mass	Complete: 7,030 kg (15,500 lb) Gun: 1,082 kg (2,385 lb)
Barrel length	2 m (6 ft 7 in) L/27[1]
Crew	4
Shell	Separate loading, cased charge and projectile 77 x 234 mm R[2]
Shell weight	6.85 kg (15 lb)
Caliber	77 mm (3 in)
Breech	Semi-automatic horizontal sliding-block
Recoil	Hydro-pneumatic
Carriage	4 x 4 all-wheel drive truck chassis
Elevation	-5° to +70°
Traverse	360°[1]
Rate of fire	20-25 rpm
Muzzle velocity	465 m/s (1,530 ft/s)
Effective firing range	Horizontal: 7.8 km (5 mi)
Maximum firing range	Vertical: 4,250 m (13,940 ft)[1]
Armor	3-5 mm
Secondary armament	None
Engine	90 hp liquid cooled gasoline
Maximum speed	Road: 50–60 km/h (31–37 mph) Offroad: 30 km/h (19 mph)

History

During the Franco-Prussian War, Paris was surrounded by the Prussians and the French attempted to use balloons to smuggle messages and supplies in and out of the besieged city. In response, Krupp developed a 37 mm cannon which was mounted on a pedestal which sat on a four-wheeled horse cart and was designated BallonabwehrKanone or BaK and this was the first practical anti-aircraft gun. Even though armed aircraft were used as early as the Italo-Turkish and Balkan Wars the designation BallonabwehrKanone remained in use until replaced by the more familiar FlugabwehrKanone or FlaK later in the First World War.[3]

Designs for dedicated anti-aircraft guns existed before the First World War but few were in service. The idea of a truck-mounted self-propelled anti-aircraft gun also existed since 1906 but few had been built. In 1912 both Krupp and Rheinmetall were asked to prepare prototypes of a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. The design that was tested and approved for production in 1913 was from Krupp and would be known as the 7.7 cm Leichtes Kraftwagengeschütz M1914. The gun, mounts and vehicle layout would remain similar despite being produced by both Krupp and Rheinmetall. The primary role for the M1914 would be to provide mobile air defense for targets such as supply depots, command centers, and bridges. In addition to their anti-aircraft role, M1914's were often used as anti-tank guns during the final year of the war since they were able to move from place to place quickly to repulse allied armored thrusts.[1]

Production Priorities

A number of factors forced the Germans to prioritize the production of field artillery over the production of specialized anti-aircraft guns.

These included:

• A lack of raw materials.
• An underestimation of light field artillery losses during the first two years war and an inadequate number of replacement guns being produced.
• An underestimation of ammunition consumption, inadequate production capacity, and resulting shortages.
• The need for new field-guns with superior performance.
• An underestimation of the threat posed by ground attack aircraft.
• A surplus of obsolete and captured field-guns.[3]

This meant that obsolete light field-guns such as the 9 cm Kanone C/73 and captured guns such as the 76 mm divisional gun M1902 and Canon de 75 modèle 1897 were often issued to anti-aircraft units where they were used as makeshift anti-aircraft guns. Most were either propped up on earthen embankments or scaffolds to point the muzzle skyward. However, their limited traverse and elevation hindered their use as anti-aircraft guns. Instead of producing new guns like the M1914 the Germans often opted to convert a large number of captured M1902's and M1897's they had to create the 7.62 cm FlaK L/30 and 7.7 cm FlaK L/35 by placing the existing barrels on new or modified carriages. It was for these reasons that the total number of 156 produced was fairly small.[3]

Design

The barrel for the 7.7 cm FlaK L/27 was built from steel and was 27 calibers in length. The trunnioned barrel was held by a U shaped gun cradle that rotated on top of a steel pedestal. At the front of the pedestal there was also a seat for two crew members while on the move. The gun had a semi-automatic Krupp horizontal sliding-wedge breech to boost its rate of fire and used the same ammunition as the FK 96 n.A. There was a hydro-pneumatic recoil system located above and below the barrel, along with an equilibriator to balance the gun. The gun was capable of 360° of traverse and -5° to +70° of elevation.[1]

The pedestal mount was bolted to a lightly armored 4 x 4 (all-wheel drive) truck chassis. The vehicle was powered by a 90 hp liquid-cooled gasoline engine. Along the sides of the vehicle were lockers for ready ammunition as well as supplies for the gun crew. The sides of the vehicle unfolded to provide a firing platform and there were also seats for the gun crew. A number of different truck chassis were used such as Krupp-Daimler and Ehrhardt-Rheinmetall.[1]

Guns of comparable role, era, and performance

• 75/27 C.K. - was an Italian self-propelled anti-aircraft gun that was actually a copy of the 7 .7 cm Leichte Kraftwagengeschütze M1914. In 1913 Italy bought a few M1914's for evaluation and decided to build their own version using a converted barrel from their Cannone da 75/27 modello 06 field-gun which was itself a Krupp design produced under license and mounted on the back of either an Itala X and Fiat 18BL truck chassis.[4]
• Autocanon de 75mm mle 1913 - a French self-propelled anti-aircraft version of the mle 1897 on the back of a De Dion-Bouton truck chassis.
• QF 13-pounder 9 cwt - a British anti-aircraft gun often mounted on the back of a Thornycroft or Peerless truck chassis.
• 76 mm air-defense gun M1914/15 - a Russian anti-aircraft gun sometimes mounted on the back of a Russo-Balt type T truck chassis.

Photo Gallery

• 
  A postcard of a Krupp-Daimler M1914.
• 
  An Ehrhardt-Rheinmetall M1914.
• 
  A destroyed Ehrhardt-Rheinmetall M1914.

References

1. Fleischer, Wolfgang (February 2015). German artillery : 1914-1918. Barnsley. p. 83. ISBN 9781473823983. OCLC 893163385.
2. "77-77 MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES". www.quarryhs.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
3. Jäger, Herbert (2001). German artillery of World War One. Marlborough: Crowood Press. pp. 87–96. ISBN 1861264038. OCLC 50842313.
4. Riccio, Ralph (2010). Italian truck-mounted artillery in action. Pignato, Nicola., Spraggins, Matheu. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications. pp. 4–13. ISBN 9780897476010. OCLC 917891702.