2018–19 AS Saint-Étienne season
The 2018–19 AS Saint-Étienne season was the 99th professional season of the club since its creation in 1919.
2018–19 season | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Chairman | Bernard Caiazzo Roland Romeyer | |||
Manager | Jean-Louis Gasset | |||
Stadium | Stade Geoffroy-Guichard | |||
Ligue 1 | 4th | |||
Coupe de France | Round of 32 vs. Dijon | |||
Coupe de la Ligue | Round of 32 vs. Nîmes | |||
Top goalscorer | League: Wahbi Khazri (13) All: Wahbi Khazri (14) | |||
Highest home attendance | 41,594 (vs. Lyon – 20 January 2019) | |||
Lowest home attendance | 8,193 (vs. Dijon – 23 January 2019) | |||
| ||||
Players
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
|
|
Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
|
|
Competitions
Ligue 1
League table
Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Lille | 38 | 22 | 9 | 7 | 68 | 33 | +35 | 75 | Qualification for the Champions League group stage |
3 | Lyon | 38 | 21 | 9 | 8 | 70 | 47 | +23 | 72 | |
4 | Saint-Étienne | 38 | 19 | 9 | 10 | 59 | 41 | +18 | 66 | Qualification for the Europa League group stage |
5 | Marseille | 38 | 18 | 7 | 13 | 60 | 52 | +8 | 61 | |
6 | Montpellier | 38 | 15 | 14 | 9 | 53 | 42 | +11 | 59 |
Source: Ligue 1 and Soccerway
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Head-to-head points; 4) Head-to-head goal difference; 5) Head-to-head goals scored; 6) Head-to-head away goals scored; 7) Goals scored; 8) Away goals scored; 9) Most goals scored in single league match; 10) Fairplay ranking.[1]
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Head-to-head points; 4) Head-to-head goal difference; 5) Head-to-head goals scored; 6) Head-to-head away goals scored; 7) Goals scored; 8) Away goals scored; 9) Most goals scored in single league match; 10) Fairplay ranking.[1]
Results summary
Overall | Home | Away | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD |
38 | 19 | 9 | 10 | 59 | 41 | +18 | 66 | 13 | 2 | 4 | 34 | 14 | +20 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 25 | 27 | −2 |
Last updated: 24 May 2019.
Source: Competitive matches
Results by match
Updated to match(es) played on 24 May 2019. Source: Results
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss
Matches
Win Draw Loss
11 August 2018 1 | Saint-Étienne | 2–1 | Guingamp | Saint-Étienne |
20:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Diony ![]() ![]() Khazri ![]() Selnæs ![]() Ruffier ![]() |
Report | Thuram ![]() Kerbrat ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 26,006 Referee: Amaury Delerue |
19 August 2018 2 | Strasbourg | 1–1 | Saint-Étienne | Strasbourg |
15:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Mitrović ![]() Gonçalves ![]() |
Report | Subotić ![]() M'Vila ![]() Khazri ![]() Gueye ![]() |
Stadium: Stade de la Meinau Attendance: 25,385 Referee: Benoît Millot |
25 August 2018 3 | Montpellier | 0–0 | Saint-Étienne | Montpellier |
20:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Hilton![]() Aguilar ![]() Lasne ![]() |
Report | Stadium: Stade de la Mosson Attendance: 14,777 Referee: Jérôme Brisard |
2 September 2018 4 | Saint-Étienne | 0–0 | Amiens | Saint-Étienne |
15:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Salibur ![]() Khazri ![]() Selnæs ![]() |
Report | Zungu ![]() Monconduit ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 30,146 Referee: Thomas Léonard |
14 September 2018 5 | Paris Saint-Germain | 4–0 | Saint-Étienne | Paris |
20:45 CEST (UTC+2) | Draxler ![]() Rabiot ![]() Cavani ![]() Di María ![]() Diaby ![]() |
Report | Khazri ![]() |
Stadium: Parc des Princes Attendance: 46,549 Referee: Frank Schneider |
22 September 2018 6 | Saint-Étienne | 2–1 | Caen | Saint-Étienne |
20:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Khazri ![]() ![]() Kolodziejczak ![]() ![]() |
Report | Guilbert ![]() Fajr ![]() Diomandé ![]() Mbengue ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 23,895 Referee: Ruddy Buquet |
25 September 2018 7 | Toulouse | 2–3 | Saint-Étienne | Toulouse |
21:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Gradel ![]() Durmaz ![]() Todibo ![]() |
Report | Monnet-Paquet ![]() Diony ![]() Cabella ![]() ![]() Salibur ![]() |
Stadium: Stadium Municipal Attendance: 14,008 Referee: Amaury Delerue |
28 September 2018 8 | Saint-Étienne | 2–0 | Monaco | Saint-Étienne |
20:45 CEST (UTC+2) | Khazri ![]() |
Report | N'Doram ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 26,486 Referee: Jérôme Brisard |
6 October 2018 9 | Lille | 3–1 | Saint-Étienne | Villeneuve-d'Ascq |
17:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Bamba ![]() Xeka ![]() Ballo-Touré ![]() Pépé ![]() |
Report | Cabella ![]() Selnæs ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Pierre-Mauroy Attendance: 31,263 Referee: Jérôme Miguelgorry |
21 October 2018 10 | Saint-Étienne | 1–1 | Rennes | Saint-Étienne |
17:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Khazri ![]() Diony ![]() |
Report | Sarr ![]() Bensebaini ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 29,557 Referee: Clément Turpin |
26 October 2018 11 | Nîmes | 1–1 | Saint-Étienne | Nîmes |
20:45 CEST (UTC+2) | Alioui ![]() Bouanga ![]() |
Report | Cabella ![]() ![]() M'Vila ![]() Khazri ![]() |
Stadium: Stade des Costières Attendance: 15,412 Referee: François Letexier |
4 November 2018 12 | Saint-Étienne | 4–3 | Angers | Saint-Étienne |
17:00 CET (UTC+1) | Diony ![]() Debuchy ![]() Nordin ![]() Manceau ![]() Hamouma ![]() |
Report | Pavlović ![]() Reine-Adélaïde ![]() Tait ![]() Bahoken ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 22,983 Referee: Thomas Léonard |
10 November 2018 13 | Saint-Étienne | 2–0 | Reims | Saint-Étienne |
20:00 CET (UTC+1) | Debuchy ![]() Hamouma ![]() Khazri ![]() Diony ![]() Gabriel Silva ![]() |
Report | Chavalerin ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 22,838 Referee: Florent Batta |
23 November 2018 14 | Lyon | 1–0 | Saint-Étienne | Décines-Charpieu |
20:45 CET (UTC+1) | Denayer ![]() ![]() Rafael ![]() |
Report | Monnet-Paquet ![]() Kolodziejczak ![]() |
Stadium: Parc Olympique Lyonnais Attendance: 55,701 Referee: Antony Gautier |
30 November 2018 15 | Saint-Étienne | 3–0 | Nantes | Nantes |
20:45 CET (UTC+1) | Cabella ![]() Berić ![]() Khazri ![]() Kolodziejczak ![]() |
Report | Pallois ![]() Lucas Lima ![]() |
Stadium: Stade de la Beaujoire Attendance: 21,884 Referee: Jérôme Brisard |
5 December 2018 16 | Bordeaux | 3–2 | Saint-Étienne | Bordeaux |
19:00 CET (UTC+1) | Briand ![]() Kamano ![]() Sankharé ![]() Sabaly ![]() Pablo ![]() |
Report | Diony ![]() Khazri ![]() ![]() Saliba ![]() Selnæs ![]() |
Stadium: Matmut Atlantique Attendance: 23,375 Referee: Clément Turpin |
9 December 2018 17 | Saint-Étienne | Postponed | Marseille | Nantes |
Stadium: Stade de la Beaujoire |
16 December 2018 18 | Nice | 1–1 | Saint-Étienne | Nice |
17:00 CET (UTC+1) | Attal ![]() Hérelle ![]() ![]() Cyprien ![]() |
Report | Salibur ![]() ![]() Selnæs ![]() Diony ![]() |
Stadium: Allianz Riviera Attendance: 19,250 Referee: Thomas Leonard |
22 December 2018 19 | Saint-Étienne | 3–0 | Dijon | Nantes |
21:00 CET (UTC+1) | Monnet-Paquet ![]() Polomat ![]() Kolodziejczak ![]() M'Vila ![]() Khazri ![]() Berić ![]() Selnæs ![]() |
Report | Marié ![]() Saïd ![]() Balmont ![]() |
Stadium: Stade de la Beaujoire Attendance: 26,215 Referee: Eric Wattellier |
12 January 2019 20 | Guingamp | 0–1 | Saint-Étienne | Guingamp |
20:00 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Khazri ![]() ![]() |
Stadium: Stade de Roudourou Attendance: 15,342 Referee: Karim Abed |
16 January 2019 17 | Saint-Étienne | 2–1 | Marseille | Nantes |
21:00 CET (UTC+1) | Khazri ![]() |
Report | Strootman ![]() |
Stadium: Stade de la Beaujoire Attendance: 28,146 Referee: Antony Gautier |
20 January 2019 21 | Saint-Étienne | 1–2 | Lyon | Saint-Étienne |
21:00 CET (UTC+1) | Hamouma ![]() Monnet-Paquet ![]() Perrin ![]() |
Report | Marcelo ![]() Fekir ![]() Tete ![]() Dembélé ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 41,594 Referee: Benoît Bastien |
30 January 2019 22 | Nantes | 1–1 | Saint-Étienne | Nantes |
21:00 CET (UTC+1) | Diego ![]() Fábio ![]() Waris ![]() Coulibaly ![]() |
Report | Monnet-Paquet ![]() M'Vila ![]() Cabella ![]() |
Stadium: Stade de la Beaujoire Attendance: 28,748 Referee: Frank Schneider |
3 February 2019 23 | Saint-Étienne | Postponed | Strasbourg | Saint-Étienne |
17:00 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard |
10 February 2019 24 | Rennes | 3–0 | Saint-Étienne | Rennes |
17:00 CET (UTC+1) | Niang ![]() Ben Arfa ![]() Hunou ![]() |
Report | Hamouma ![]() ![]() Subotić ![]() Perrin ![]() |
Stadium: Roazhon Park Attendance: 24,230 Referee: Johan Hamel |
13 February 2019 23 | Saint-Étienne | 2–1 | Strasbourg | Saint-Étienne |
19:00 CET (UTC+1) | Berić ![]() Perrin ![]() |
Report | Da Costa ![]() ![]() Aaneba ![]() Thomasson ![]() Gonçalves ![]() Martinez ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 16,406 Referee: Jérôme Brisard |
Note: Rescheduled from 3 February 2019.[2] |
17 February 2019 25 | Saint-Étienne | 0–1 | Paris Saint-Germain | Saint-Étienne |
21:00 CET (UTC+1) | Khazri ![]() |
Report | Bernat ![]() Alves ![]() Mbappé ![]() ![]() Areola ![]() Kurzawa ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 39,652 Referee: Benoît Bastien |
22 February 2019 26 | Dijon | 0–1 | Saint-Étienne | Dijon |
19:00 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Subotić ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Gaston Gérard Attendance: 13,511 Referee: Karim Abed |
3 March 2019 27 | Marseille | 2–0 | Saint-Étienne | Marseille |
21:00 CET (UTC+1) | Sakai ![]() Balotelli ![]() Thauvin ![]() Sarr ![]() |
Report | Debuchy ![]() Khazri ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Vélodrome Attendance: 57,337 Referee: Clément Turpin |
10 March 2019 28 | Saint-Étienne | 0–1 | Lille | Saint-Étienne |
15:00 CET (UTC+1) | M'Vila ![]() Debuchy ![]() ![]() Kolodziejczak ![]() Khazri ![]() |
Report | Xeka ![]() Bamba ![]() Pépé ![]() Ikoné ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 26,648 Referee: Mikael Lesage |
16 March 2019 29 | Caen | 0–5 | Saint-Étienne | Caen |
20:00 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Hamouma ![]() Berić ![]() Nordin ![]() Ghezali ![]() Vada ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Michel d'Ornano Attendance: 18,276 Referee: Florent Batta |
1 April 2019 30 | Saint-Étienne | 2–1 | Nîmes | Saint-Étienne |
20:30 CEST (UTC+2) | Debuchy ![]() Cabella ![]() Berić ![]() Ghezali ![]() M'Vila ![]() |
Report | Bobichon ![]() ![]() Ferri ![]() Paquiez ![]() Briançon ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 22,595 Referee: Karim Abed |
6 April 2019 31 | Amiens | 2–2 | Saint-Étienne | Amiens |
20:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Konaté ![]() Lefort ![]() Gurtner ![]() Gouano ![]() |
Report | Subotić ![]() Kolodziejczak ![]() ![]() Cabella ![]() |
Stadium: Stade de la Licorne Attendance: 11,832 Referee: Eric Wattellier |
14 April 2019 32 | Saint-Étienne | 3–0 | Bordeaux | Saint-Étienne |
17:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Kolodziejczak ![]() Cabella ![]() Khazri ![]() Debuchy ![]() |
Report | Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 33,935 Referee: Ruddy Buquet |
21 April 2019 33 | Reims | 0–2 | Saint-Étienne | Reims |
17:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Foket ![]() Chavalerin ![]() Cafaro ![]() |
Report | Cabella ![]() Engels ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Auguste Delaune Attendance: 19,102 Referee: Amaury Delerue |
28 April 2019 34 | Saint-Étienne | 2–0 | Toulouse | Saint-Étienne |
17:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Berić ![]() Debuchy ![]() |
Report | Sangaré ![]() Sylla ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 28,203 Referee: Jérémy Stinat |
5 May 2019 35 | Monaco | 2–3 | Saint-Étienne | Monaco |
17:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Martins ![]() Ballo-Touré ![]() Golovin ![]() Silva ![]() Vinícius ![]() |
Report | Khazri ![]() Debuchy ![]() Hamouma ![]() Vada ![]() Ballo-Touré ![]() Cabella ![]() Nordin ![]() Polomat ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Louis II Attendance: 9,047 Referee: Benoît Millot |
10 May 2019 36 | Saint-Étienne | 0–1 | Montpellier | Saint-Étienne |
20:45 CEST (UTC+2) | Cabella ![]() ![]() Nordin ![]() |
Report | Mollet ![]() Suárez ![]() Congré ![]() Skhiri ![]() Lecomte ![]() Laborde ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 35,644 Referee: Benoît Bastien |
18 May 2019 37 | Saint-Étienne | 3–0 | Nice | Saint-Étienne |
21:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Berić ![]() Hamouma ![]() |
Report | Coly ![]() Lees-Melou ![]() Le Bihan ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 36,759 Referee: Antony Gautier |
24 May 2019 38 | Angers | 1–1 | Saint-Étienne | Angers |
21:05 CEST (UTC+2) | Moulin ![]() El Melali ![]() |
Report | Nordin ![]() Kolodziejczak ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Raymond Kopa Attendance: 16,011 Referee: Johan Hamel |
Coupe de France
6 January 2019 Round of 64 | Olympique Strasbourg | 0–6 | Saint-Étienne | Strasbourg |
17:15 CET (UTC+1) | Sidow ![]() |
Report | Cabella ![]() Perrin ![]() Khazri ![]() Diony ![]() Rocha Santos ![]() |
Stadium: Stade de la Meinau Attendance: 6,525 Referee: Stéphanie Frappart |
23 January 2019 Round of 32 | Saint-Étienne | 3–6 | Dijon | Saint-Étienne |
18:30 CET (UTC+1) | Diony ![]() Ruffier ![]() Khazri ![]() Berić ![]() Monnet-Paquet ![]() |
Report | Sliti ![]() Keita ![]() Tavares ![]() Alphonse ![]() Marié ![]() |
Stadium: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Attendance: 8,193 Referee: François Letexier |
Coupe de la Ligue
Statistics
Appearances and goals
No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Total | Ligue 1 | Coupe de la Ligue | Coupe de France | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | ||||||
Goalkeepers | |||||||||||||
1 | GK | ![]() |
Théo Vermot | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
16 | GK | ![]() |
Stéphane Ruffier | 40 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||
30 | GK | ![]() |
Jessy Moulin | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
50 | GK | ![]() |
Stefan Bajic | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Defenders | |||||||||||||
3 | DF | ![]() |
Pierre-Yves Polomat | 21 | 0 | 11+7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||
4 | DF | ![]() |
William Saliba | 19 | 0 | 13+3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||
5 | DF | ![]() |
Timothée Kolodziejczak | 38 | 3 | 35+1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||
11 | DF | ![]() |
Gabriel Silva | 19 | 0 | 16+3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
24 | DF | ![]() |
Loïc Perrin | 32 | 2 | 31 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
26 | DF | ![]() |
Mathieu Debuchy | 24 | 4 | 23+1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
28 | DF | ![]() |
Neven Subotić | 28 | 1 | 26 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
33 | DF | ![]() |
Mickaël Panos | 2 | 0 | 0+2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
32 | DF | ![]() |
Wesley Fofana | 2 | 0 | 1+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Midfielders | |||||||||||||
6 | MF | ![]() |
Yann M'Vila | 40 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||
8 | MF | ![]() |
Youssef Aït Bennasser | 13 | 0 | 11+2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
23 | MF | ![]() |
Valentín Vada | 12 | 1 | 3+9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
16 | MF | ![]() |
Dylan Chambost | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | ||
32 | MF | ![]() |
Kenny Rocha | 2 | 1 | 0+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0+1 | 1 | ||
Forwards | |||||||||||||
7 | FW | ![]() |
Rémy Cabella | 37 | 10 | 34 | 8 | 0+1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | ||
9 | FW | ![]() |
Loïs Diony | 32 | 7 | 19+11 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | ||
10 | FW | ![]() |
Wahbi Khazri | 35 | 14 | 32 | 13 | 0+1 | 0 | 1+1 | 1 | ||
13 | FW | ![]() |
Makhtar Gueye | 5 | 1 | 0+5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
18 | FW | ![]() |
Arnaud Nordin | 27 | 3 | 11+14 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
19 | FW | ![]() |
Yannis Salibur | 23 | 1 | 9+12 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
21 | FW | ![]() |
Romain Hamouma | 29 | 4 | 19+8 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | ||
22 | FW | ![]() |
Kévin Monnet-Paquet | 26 | 1 | 16+7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1+1 | 1 | ||
27 | FW | ![]() |
Robert Berić | 26 | 11 | 12+11 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1+1 | 1 | ||
31 | FW | ![]() |
Lamine Ghezali | 5 | 1 | 0+5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
33 | FW | ![]() |
Charles Abi | 3 | 0 | 0+3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Players transferred out during the season | |||||||||||||
8 | MF | ![]() |
Mahdi Camara | 1 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
12 | DF | ![]() |
Cheikh M'Bengue | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
17 | MF | ![]() |
Ole Selnæs | 21 | 0 | 19+1 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
25 | MF | ![]() |
Assane Dioussé | 10 | 0 | 2+5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1+1 | 0 | ||
— | FW | ![]() |
Franck Honorat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Last updated: 24 May 2019
Source: Competitions
gollark: Yes, that is somewhat ungood and suspicious.
gollark: Yes, indeed.
gollark: > > There's also a few snippets of code on the Android version that allows for the downloading of a remote zip file, unzipping it, and executing said binary> so here's the thing, TikTok as an app, continuously downloads files i.e video files, it's kinda the whole point. there's nothing "odd" about being able to download and extract zip files, the odd thing is delivering executables via zip. however, this is a non-issue and honestly a red herring, why?This is irrelevant. Yes, downloading video files is normal, downloading extra code which might be doing whatever (subject to sandboxing, at least) is not.
gollark: It could record locally and upload later, though.
gollark: This person apparently reverse-engineered it statically, not at runtime, but it *can* probably detect if you're trying to reverse-engineer it a bit while running.
References
- "League Table". Ligue1.com. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
- "Saint-Étienne vs. Strasbourg Postponed". ligue1.com. Ligue de Football Professionnel. 2 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.