2011 Myanmar earthquake

The 2011 Burma earthquake (Burmese: ၂၀၁၁ မြန်မာငလျင်) occurred with a magnitude 6.9 Mw on 24 March. It had an epicenter in the eastern part of Shan State in Burma (Myanmar) with a hypocenter 10 km deep.[2] It had two aftershocks, one of magnitude 4.8, another at magnitude 5.4,[3] and two subsequent shocks at magnitude 5.0 and 6.2. The quake's epicentre was 70 miles (110 km) from the northern Thai city of Chiang Rai, north of Mae Sai and southeast of Kentung.[4]

For the 2016 earthquake, see April 2016 Myanmar earthquake and August 2016 Myanmar earthquake.
2011 Burma earthquake
Kengtung
Chiang Rai
Naypyidaw
Yangon
Bangkok
UTC time2011-03-24 13:55:13
ISC event16357310
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date24 March 2011 (2011-03-24)
Local time20:25:13 (UTC+06:30)
Duration1 minute
Magnitude6.9 Mw
Depth10 km (6.21 mi)
Epicenter20.705°N 99.949°E / 20.705; 99.949
Areas affectedBurma, Thailand, Laos, China, Vietnam
Max. intensityVI (Strong)
Casualties151 killed, 212 injured [1]

Geology
USGS ShakeMap for the event

The earthquake occurred in an area of complex tectonics caused by the continuing collision between the northward moving Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, which created the Arakan Yoma mountains. In this zone of highly oblique collision, most of the motion is accommodated by the north-south trending Sagaing fault, a major dextral (right lateral) strike-slip fault that runs through the western and central part of Burma. The remaining component of shortening across this zone causes distributed deformation of eastern Burma and Thailand extending into Laos. This deformation is partly accommodated by a set of southwest-northeast trending sinistral (left lateral) strike-slip faults.[5] The faults closest to the epicenter are the Mae Chan and Nam Ma faults.[6] The focal mechanism for this earthquake is consistent with left-lateral movement on one of these faults,[2] away from the main zones of seismic activity in Burma.[7] Other recent significant earthquakes in this area included the 2011 Yunnan earthquake and the 2007 Laos earthquake.[8] According to the Earth Observatory of Singapore, it appears likely that it was caused by motion on the western segment of the Nan Ma Fault.[9]

Casualties
A damaged road in Tarlay, Shan State
Dozens of houses were destroyed in Shan State

Early reports suggested that at least 10 people were killed by quake-triggered landslides in the town of Tachileik, including a child, as well as Tarpin to its north, both in Shan State, northeastern Burma.[10] Another person was killed in Mae Sai, Thailand, near the Burmese border.[11] At least three injuries were reported in Burma.

After sunrise, the casualty toll increased to 24 in Burma, in addition to the one fatality in Thailand. Officials warned that the death toll is likely to rise.[12] Later, death toll rose to 74 killed in Burma and 1 in Thailand,[13][14] while 111 people were injured. In Tarlay, located between Tachileik and Mong Hpyak, at least 40 were killed when 130 houses collapsed. Vertical displacement of 1.5 metres in subsidence was observed in the area.[15]

The Bangkok Post reported on 27 March 2011 that the death toll was "over 150", which is double the official figure of 75.[16][17]

Aftermath

Temporary evacuations of tall buildings took place in Chiang Rai of Thailand, Menghai County in Yunnan, Nanning in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China, and in Hanoi of Vietnam.[18][19] At least one bridge is reported collapsed in Myanmar.[20] In total, 390 residential homes, 14 monasteries and 9 government buildings were destroyed. In Monglin, at least 128 homes were reduced to rubble.[21] According to the United States Geological Survey's population exposure data, the final damage are most likely to be slightly under US$100 million.[22]

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References
  1. "CATDAT Damaging Earthquakes Database 2011 – Annual Review". Earthquake Report. 9 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  2. Magnitude 6.8 – MYANMAR Archived 30 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  3. Earthquakes, USGS. "Magnitude 5.4 – MYANMAR". United States Geological Survey. Earthquake Hazards Program. Archived from the original on 31 March 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  4. "North-east Burma hit by two 7.0 magnitude earthquakes". BBC. 24 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  5. USGS (12 May 2012). "Magnitude 6.9 – MYANMAR:Earthquake Summary". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  6. Morley, C.K. (2007). "Variations in Late Cenozoic–Recent strike-slip and oblique-extensional geometries, within Indochina: The influence of pre-existing fabrics". Journal of Structural Geology. 29 (1): 36–58. Bibcode:2007JSG....29...36M. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2006.07.003.
  7. Hazard Risk Profile, ASEAN. "Earthquake". Post Nargis Knowledge Management Portal. Disaster Risk Management. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  8. USGS, 16 May 2007. "M6.3 – Laos". United States Geological Survey. Did You Feel It?. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  9. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. Yan, Xinhuanet (25 March 2011). "At least 10 killed in 7.0-magnitude quake in Myanmar". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  11. "Powerful earthquake rocks Myanmar, deaths reported". Channel 6 News Thailand. BNO News. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  12. Reuters, TVNZ (25 March 2011). "Myanmar quake toll rises to 25". TVNZ. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  13. Reuters, JPost (25 March 2011). "Quake kills 74 in Myanmar, aftershock rattles Thailand". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  14. Asia, World (25 March 2011). "At least 75 killed in Burma quake: officials". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  15. Zhang, Xiang (25 March 2011). "40 killed in Tarlay in Myanmar quake". Xinhua. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  16. Bangprapa, Mongkol; Kultida Ssmabuddhi (27 March 2011). "Burmese quake toll 'over 150' – Journalist Tells of Chaotic Relief Scene". The Bangkok Post. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  17. "Burmese quake toll 'over 150' | Bangkok Post: News".
  18. AFP, South Asia (25 March 2011). "Two dead as strong quake hits Myanmar: Officials". The Straits Times. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  19. Yan, Xinhuanet (25 March 2011). "Myanmar quake rocks part of south China". Xinhua. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  20. Htay, Hla Hla (25 March 2011). "Two dead as strong quake hits Burma". WA today. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  21. Fang, Yang (25 March 2011). "Death toll of Myanmar's earthquake rises to 74, 111 people injured". Xinhua. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  22. Earthquakes, USGS. "PAGER – M 6.8 – MYANMAR". United States Geological Survey. PAGER. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
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