1948 Irish general election

The 1948 Irish general election was held on 4 February 1948. The 147 newly elected members of the 13th Dáil assembled on 18 February when the First Inter-Party government in the history of the Irish state was appointed.

1948 Irish general election
4 February 1948
146 of 147 seats in Dáil Éireann
74 seats needed for a majority
Turnout74.2% 5.0pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Éamon de Valera Richard Mulcahy William Norton
Party Fianna Fáil Fine Gael Labour Party
Leader since 26 March 1926 1944 1932
Leader's seat Clare Tipperary Kildare
Last election 76 seats, 48.9% 30 seats, 20.5% 8 seats, 8.8%
Seats before 77 28 8
Seats won 69 31 14
Seat change 9 3 6
Percentage 41.9% 19.8% 8.7%
Swing 7.0% 0.7% 0.1%
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
CnaT
NLP
Leader Seán MacBride Joseph Blowick James Everett
Party Clann na Poblachta Clann na Talmhan National Labour Party
Leader since 1946 1944 1944
Leader's seat Dublin South-West Mayo South Wicklow
Last election N/A 9 seats, 10.1% 4 seats, 2.7%
Seats before 2 9 4
Seats won 10 7 5
Seat change 8 2 1
Percentage 13.2% 5.6% 2.6%
Swing 13.2% 4.5% 0.1%
Percentage of seats gained by each of the five biggest parties, and number of seats gained by smaller parties and independents.
Taoiseach before election

Éamon de Valera
Fianna Fáil

 Subsequent Taoiseach

John A. Costello
Fine Gael

The general election took place in 40 parliamentary constituencies throughout Ireland for 147 seats in the lower house of parliament, Dáil Éireann. For this election the membership of the Dáil was increased to 147 seats, an increase of 9 since the previous election. The 1948 general election is considered an important election in 20th-century Ireland, as it paved the way for the First Inter-Party Government.

This election was the last one before Ireland's withdrawal from the British Commonwealth, and the declaration of the Republic of Ireland, which came into effect as from 18 April 1949 under the terms of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948.

The constituency of Carlow–Kilkenny voted on 8 February after the death during the campaign of Fine Gael candidate Eamonn Coogan TD. Another Fine Gael candidate in that constituency, James Hughes, had died shortly before the formal campaign began.

Campaign
Fianna Fáil election posters from the campaign.

The general election of 1948 was caused by a desire by the Taoiseach Éamon de Valera, to stop the rise of a new party, Clann na Poblachta. In 1947 the rapid rise of Clann na Poblachta threatened the position of Fianna Fáil. The government of Éamon de Valera introduced the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1947 which increased the size of the Dáil from 138 to 147 and increased the number of three-seat constituencies from fifteen to twenty-two. The result was described by historian Tim Pat Coogan as "a blatant attempt at gerrymander which no Six County Unionist could have bettered."[1]

A number of other issues were raised on the campaign that the parties didn't foresee. Fianna Fáil had enjoyed an uninterrupted sixteen years of dominance in government. Many people believed that the party had become stale and there was a strong desire for a fresh change. Although World War II had ended three years earlier, rationing continued, and massive inflation plagued the economy. A prolonged teachers strike during the lifetime of the previous Dáil damaged the government due to its inability to settle the dispute. Bad weather added to the woes of the farmers, and poor harvests resulted in anger at the ballot box. Allegations that Éamon de Valera and Seán Lemass were involved in bribery and corruption raised questions about certain public officials.

Despite these issues, Fianna Fáil still expected to retain power. This prospect seemed very likely; however, an unlikely coalition was soon to be formed.

Result
13th Irish general election – 4 February 1948[2][3][4]
Party Leader Seats ± % of
seats		 First Pref
votes		 % FPv ±%
Fianna Fáil Éamon de Valera 68 –8 46.3 553,914 41.9 –7.0
Fine Gael Richard Mulcahy 31 +1 21.1 262,393 19.8 –0.7
Labour Party William Norton 14 +6 9.5 115,073 8.7 –0.1
Clann na Poblachta Seán MacBride 10 New 6.8 174,823 13.2 –
Clann na Talmhan Joseph Blowick 7 –2 4.7 73,813 5.6 –4.5
National Labour Party James Everett 5 +1 3.4 34,015 2.6 –0.1
Monetary Reform Party Oliver J. Flanagan 1 0 0.7 14,369 1.1 +0.3
Ailtirí na hAiséirghe 0 0 0 322 0.0 –0.5
Independent N/A 11 +1 8.2 94,271 7.2 –0.6
Spoilt votes 13,185 — —
Total 147 +9 100 1,336,628 100 —
Electorate/Turnout 1,800,210 74.2% —
  • First Inter-party government formed.

When the votes were counted Fianna Fáil remained the largest party in spite of dropping 8 seats. Clann na Poblachta secured ten seats instead of the nineteen they would have received proportional to their vote.[1] The other parties remained roughly the same, with Fine Gael only gaining an extra seat. Fianna Fáil remained the largest party and it looked as if it were the only one capable of forming a government.

Voting summary
First preference vote
Fianna Fáil
 
 41.85%
Fine Gael
 
 19.83%
Clann na Poblachta
 
 13.21%
Labour
 
 8.69%
Clann na Talmhan
 
 5.58%
National Labour
 
 2.57%
Monetary Reform
 
 1.08%
Ailtirí na hAiséirghe
 
 0.02%
Independent
 
 7.12%

Seats summary
Assembly seats
Fianna Fáil
 
 46.26%
Fine Gael
 
 21.09%
Labour
 
 9.52%
Clann na Poblachta
 
 6.80%
Clann na Talmhan
 
 4.76%
National Labour
 
 3.40%
Monetary Reform
 
 0.68%
Independent
 
 7.48%

Formation of the Coalition

The election left de Valera six seats short of a majority in the 147 seat Dáil. Fianna Fáil had long refused to enter a formal coalition with another party, instead preferring confidence and supply agreements with other parties when it was short of an outright majority. This time, however, de Valera was unable to reach an agreement with National Labour and the Independents with a view to forming a government.

It seemed unlikely that the other political parties could join together to oust Fianna Fáil. However, the leaders of the other parties discovered that between them, they only had one seat fewer than Fianna Fáil. If they could get the support of at least seven independents, they would be able to form a government. On paper, such a motley coalition appeared politically unrealistic. However, a shared dislike of Fianna Fáil and de Valera overcame all other difficulties to knock Fianna Fáil from power for the first time in 16 years.

As the largest party in the coalition, it was a foregone conclusion that Fine Gael would provide the nominee for Taoiseach. The natural choice was the party leader, Richard Mulcahy. However, republicans such as Seán MacBride refused to serve under the man who had been the commander of the Free State forces during the civil war. Since the other parties would have been 17 seats short of a majority (and indeed, would have been 11 seats behind Fianna Fáil) without MacBride, Mulcahy stepped aside in favour of John A. Costello, a relatively unknown politician and former Attorney General. Mulcahy, who remained nominal leader of Fine Gael, became Minister for Education. William Norton, the leader of the Labour Party became Tánaiste and Minister for Social Welfare.

On paper, this new coalition government looked weak and seemed unlikely to last. It consisted of a patchwork collection of political parties. There were young and old politicians, republicans and Free Staters, conservatives and socialists. The government's survival depended on a united dislike of Fianna Fáil, the skill of Costello as Taoiseach and the independence of various ministers.

In all the coalition lasted over three years from February 1948 to May 1951.

First time TDs

Re-elected TDs

Outgoing TDs
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See also

References
  1. Coogan, Tim Pat (1993). De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow. London: Hutchinson. p. 637. ISBN 0-09-175030-X.
  2. "13th Dáil 1948 General Election". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  3. "Dáil elections since 1918". ARK Northern Ireland. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  4. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, pp1009-1017 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
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