1895 in Italy

Kingdom of Italy

Events
Prime Minister Francesco Crispi

In 1895 Luigi Lavazza started to roast his own coffee in a small grocery store in the Via San Tommaso 10 in Turin, eventually becoming the worldwide coffee brand Lavazza. Inventor and electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi experiments with wireless telegraphy.

January

March
  • March 25 – Italian troops occupy Adigrat in Ethiopia and use it as a base to support their advance south to Mek'ele.

April
  • April 12 – Foundation of the Italian Republican Party (Partito Repubblicano Italiano, PRI) by Giovanni Bovio, Arcangelo Ghisleri, Napoleone Colajanni and Valentino Armirotti amongst others.
  • April 24 – The Supreme Court decides that former Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti cannot not be tried by an ordinary civil court, as Giolitti had argued since he had made his accusations against the involvement of current Prime Minister Crispi in the Banca Romana scandal in the Italian Chamber of Deputies. Only the Senate could hear the case. Giolittt had been accused of embezzlement of judiciary document as well as libel against Crispi and his wife, and had been summoned before the courts after the Public Prosecutor, sustained by lower courts, had started the prosecution.[1][2]
  • April 30 – The first Venice Biennale, I Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte della Città di Venezia (1st International Art Exhibition of the City of Venice), holds its first exhibition before growing into a major contemporary art exhibition that takes place once every two years (in odd years) in Venice, Italy. The exhibition is opened by the Italian King and Queen, Umberto I and Margherita di Savoia and would be seen by 224,000 visitors.

May
  • May 18 – the first motor race in Italy is held. It is run on a course from Turin to Asti and back, a total of 93 km (58 mi). Five entrants start the event; only three complete it. It is won by Simone Federman in a four-seat Daimler Omnibus, at an average speed of 15.5 km/h (9.6 mph).[3]
  • May 19 – an earthquake hits Tuscany; four people are killed in Florence.[4]
  • May 26 – first round of the Italian general election. Crispi wins significantly.[5]

June
  • June 2 – Second round of the Italian general election. The "ministerial" left-wing bloc remained the largest in Parliament, winning 334 of the 508 seats in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, giving Prime Minister Francesco Crispi a huge majority. The constitutional opposition (Giolitti, Giuseppe Zanardelli, Antonio di Rudini and others) is reduced to 104; 47 radicals and 15 socialist are elected including Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, who is in prison because of the Fasci Siciliani revolt.[6][7]

July
  • July 24 – The Government decides to present the evidence of former Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti about the role of current Prime Minister Crispi in the Banca Romana scandal and other matters – known as the "Giolitti envelope" –, to the Chamber of Deputies and have a special commission examine them.[8] In June 1895, the French newspaper Le Figaro had published the package of documents compromising Crispi with evidence that he had concealed financial transactions and debts contracted by Crispi, his family and friends with the Banca Romana from the parliamentary inquiry in 1893.[9]

December
  • December 7 – Battle of Amba Alagi, the first in a series of battles between General Oreste Baratieri and Emperor Menelik. The defeat of the Italians shocked Prime Minister Francesco Crispi, who agreed to advance another 20 million lire to ensure that a disaster could be stopped.[10]
  • December 13 – The Chamber declines to indict former Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, who had asked to be brought for the Senate, as part of the Banca Romana scandal.[11]

Births

Deaths
gollark: He called them "hashtags" when I wrote some Python code.
gollark: Yes, well.
gollark: By "notation", "description of how the code works" was meant.🐚
gollark: I, too, have been forced to suffer this horror, because he wanted us to add "notation" to it.
gollark: That must have been horrible.

References
  1. Crispi's Tormentor Sustained; Ex-Premier Giolitti May Not Be Tried by a Civil Tribunal, The New York Times, April 25, 1895
  2. Editorial, The New York Times, May 18, 1895
  3. Grand Prix History online (retrieved 11 June 2017)
  4. Shaken by Earthquakes; Many Italian Cities Visited by the Damaging Shocks, The New York Times, May 20, 1895
  5. Crispi's Popular Favor; Nine Districts Re-elect the Much-Abused Premier of Italy, The New York Times, May 28, 1895
  6. Re-Ballots Taken in Italy; Fourteen Socialists and Radicals Elected to the Italian Chamber, June 3, 1895
  7. De Grand, The Hunchback's Tailor, p. 64
  8. Giolitti's Charges Against Crispi, The New York Times, July 25, 1895
  9. Accusations Against Crispi; Details of the Portentous Charges Made by Giolitti, The New York Times, June 9, 1895
  10. Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa, p. 477
  11. Giolitti Escapes Trial; Attempt to Prosecute Him for Theft Fails in the Chamber, The New York Times, December 14, 1895
  • De Grand, Alexander J. (2001). The hunchback's tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and liberal Italy from the challenge of mass politics to the rise of fascism, 1882-1922, Wesport/London: Praeger, ISBN 0-275-96874-X (online edition)
  • Pakenham, Thomas (1992). The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912, London: Abacus, ISBN 0-349-10449-2
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