16:9 aspect ratio

16:9 (1.77:1) is a widescreen aspect ratio with a width of 16 units and height of 9.

A 16:9 rectangle in which rectangles visualize the ratio. Note that the groupings are not square.
An LCD television set with a 16:9 image ratio.

Since 2009, it has become the most common aspect ratio for televisions and computer monitors and is also the international standard format of digital television HDTV Full HD and SD TV. This has replaced the smallscreen 4:3 aspect ratio.

16:9 (1.78:1) (said as sixteen to nine) is the international standard format of HDTV, non-HD digital television and analog widescreen television PALplus. Japan's Hi-Vision originally started with a 5:3 (=15:9) ratio but converted when the international standards group introduced a wider ratio of 5⅓ to 3 (=16:9). Many digital video cameras have the capability to record in 16:9 (=42:32), and 16:9 is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by the DVD standard. DVD producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.85:1 and 2.39:1 within the 16:9 DVD frame by hard matting or adding black bars within the image itself. However, it was used often in English TVs in the 1990s.

History
Derivation of the 16:9 aspect ratio
The main figure shows 4:3, 1.85:1 and 2.35:1 rectangles with the same area A, and 16:9 rectangles that covers (black) or is common to (grey) them. The calculation considers the extreme rectangles, where m and n are multipliers to maintain their respective aspect ratios and areas.

Dr. Kerns H. Powers, a member of the SMPTE Working Group on High-Definition Electronic Production, first proposed the 16:9 (1.77:1) aspect ratio in 1984,[1] when nobody was creating 16:9 videos. The popular choices in 1980 were: 4:3 (based on TV standard's ratio at the time), 15:9 (the European "flat" ratio), 1.85:1 (the American "flat" ratio), 2.2:1 (the ratio of 70 mm films and Super Panavision 70) and 2.39:1 (the CinemaScope/Panavision ratio for anamorphic widescreen films).

Powers cut out rectangles with equal areas, shaped to match each of the popular aspect ratios. When overlapped with their center points aligned, he found that all of those aspect ratio rectangles fit within an outer rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1.78:1 and all of them also covered a smaller common inner rectangle with the same aspect ratio 1.78:1.[2] The value found by Powers is exactly the geometric mean of the extreme aspect ratios, 4:3 and 2.4:1 (or 48:20 - see also 21:9 aspect ratio - .∞:1) for more info), √47/15≈1.78:1 which is coincidentally close to 16:9. Applying the same geometric mean technique to 16:9 and 4:3 yields the 14:9 aspect ratio, which is likewise used as a compromise between these ratios.[3]

While 16:9 (1.77:1) was initially selected as a compromise format, the subsequent popularity of HDTV broadcast has solidified 16:9 as perhaps the most important video aspect ratio in use. Most 4:3 (1.33:1) and 2.39:1 video is now recorded using a "shoot and protect" technique[4] that keeps the main action within a 16:9 (1.77:1) inner rectangle to facilitate HD broadcast. Conversely it is quite common to use a technique known as center-cutting, to approach the challenge of presenting material shot (typically 16:9) to both an HD and legacy 4:3 audience simultaneously without having to compromise image size for either audience. Content creators frame critical content or graphics to fit within the 1.33 raster space. This has similarities to a filming technique called Open matte.

After the original 16:9 Action Plan of the early 1990s, the European Union has instituted the 16:9 Action Plan,[5] just to accelerate the development of the advanced television services in 16:9 aspect ratio, both in PAL and also in HD. The Community fund for the 16:9 Action Plan amounted to €228 million.

In 2008, the computer industry switched to 16:9 from 4:3 and 16:10 as the standard aspect ratio for monitors and laptops. A 2008 report by DisplaySearch cited a number of reasons for this shift, including the ability for PC and monitor manufacturers to expand their product ranges by offering products with wider screens and higher resolutions, helping consumers to more easily adopt such products and "stimulating the growth of the notebook PC and LCD monitor market".[6] By using the same aspect ratio for both TVs and monitors, manufacturing can be streamlined and research costs reduced by not requiring two separate sets of equipment, and since a 16:9 is narrower than a 16:10 panel of the same length, more panels can be created per sheet of glass. [7] [8] [9]

In 2011, Bennie Budler, product manager of IT products at Samsung South Africa, confirmed that monitors capable of 1920×1200 resolutions aren't being manufactured anymore. "It is all about reducing manufacturing costs. The new 16:9 aspect ratio panels are more cost-effective to manufacture locally than the previous 16:10 panels".[10]

In March 2011, the 16:9 resolution 1920×1080 became the most common used resolution among Steam's users. The earlier most common resolution was 1680×1050 (16:10).[11]

Properties

16:9 is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by the DVD format. Anamorphic DVD transfers store the information as 5:4 (PAL) or 3:2 (NTSC) square pixels, which is set to expand to either 16:9 or 4:3, which the television or video player handles. For example, a PAL DVD with a full frame image may contain a video resolution of 720×576 (5:4 ratio), but a video player software will stretch this to 1024×576 square pixels with a 16:9 flag in order to recreate the correct aspect ratio.

DVD producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.85:1 and 2.39:1 within the 16:9 DVD frame by hard matting or adding black bars within the image itself. Some films which were made in a 1.85:1 aspect ratio, such as the U.S.-Italian co-production Man of La Mancha and Kenneth Branagh's Much Ado About Nothing, fit quite comfortably onto a 1.77:1 HDTV screen and have been issued as an enhanced version on DVD without the black bars. Many digital video cameras have the capability to record in 16:9.

16 mm film is frequently used for television production due to its lower cost, lack of need for soundtrack space on the film itself, and aspect ratio similar to 16:9.

Common resolutions

Common resolutions for 16:9 are listed in the table below:

WidthHeightStandard
256144
426240
640360nHD
768432
800450
848480
854480FWVGA
960540qHD
1024576
1280720HD
1366768WXGA
1600900HD+
19201080Full HD
20481152
25601440QHD
28801620
32001800QHD+
384021604K UHD
40962304
512028805K
768043208K UHD
15360864016K UHD

Countries

Europe

In Europe, 16:9 is the standard broadcast format for most TV channels and all HD broadcasts. Some countries adopted the format for analogue television, first by using the PALplus standard (now obsolete) and then by simply using WSS on normal PAL broadcasts.

Country Channel
 Albania All channels.
 Andorra All channels.
 Armenia All channels.
 Austria All channels.
 Azerbaijan All channels.
 Belarus All channels.
 Belgium All channels.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina All channels.
 Bulgaria All channels.
 Cyprus All channels.
 Croatia HRT 1**, 2**, 3**, 4**, 5, RTL Televizija*, RTL 2*, Nova TV*, Doma TV*, RTL Kockica* Sportska Televizija**.
 Czech Republic All channels.
 Denmark All channels.
 England All channels.
 Estonia All channels.
 Finland All channels.
 France All channels.
 Germany All channels.
 Georgia All channels.
 Greece All channels.
 Hungary All channels.
 Iceland All channels.
 Ireland All channels.
 Italy All channels.
 Kazakhstan All channels.
 Latvia All channels.
 Lithuania All channels.
 Luxembourg All channels.
 Malta All channels.
 Moldova All channels.
 Monaco All channels.
 Montenegro All channels.
 Netherlands All channels.
 North Macedonia All channels.
 Norway All channels.
 Poland All channels.
 Portugal All channels.
 Romania Always on 16:9: Antena channels (Antena 1, Antena Stars, Antena 3, Happy, ZU TV, Antena Internațional), RCS & RDS channels (including Digi 24, U TV, Music Channel), Kiss TV, B1 TV, Telekom Sport, Look TV, Look Plus,Turner channels:(Cartoon Network, Boomerang
Often on 16:9: TVR channels (TVR 1, TVR 2, TVR 3, TVRi), PRO channels (Pro TV, Pro 2, Pro X, Pro Cinema, Pro Gold, Pro TV Internațional)
Always on 4:3 with 16:9 stretched: CNM channels (Național TV, Național 24 Plus, Favorit TV), TVR regional channels (TVR Cluj, TVR Craiova, TVR Iași, TVR Tîrgu-Mureș, TVR Timișoara), Prima TV.
 Russia All channels.
 San Marino All channels.
 Serbia All channels.
 Slovakia All channels.
 Slovenia All channels.
 Spain All channels.
 Sweden All channels.
  Switzerland All channels.
 Turkey All channels.
 Ukraine All channels.

Oceania
Country Channel
 Australia All channels.
 Fiji All channels.
 New Zealand All channels.

Asia
Country Channel
 Afghanistan All channels.
 Bangladesh SA TV.
 Cambodia All channels.
 China CCTV channels 1-15, CCTV-5+, CCTV News. Older contents in 4:3 and news contents are stretched on SD variants of these channels as stretching on SD channels is common.
 Hong Kong All channels.
 India All HD channels. Most SD channels are still broadcasting in 4:3, either fullscreen on letterboxed.
 Indonesia 16:9 native*: Kompas TV, BeritaSatu TV**, CNN Indonesia**, MetroTV, Trans7, Trans TV, CNBC Indonesia**, NET., Jawa Pos TV, DAAI TV, MyTV

16:9 with inner 4:3***: RCTI, SCTV, Indosiar

4:3, upscaled/stretched to 16:9****: TVRI, MNCTV, antv, GTV, tvOne, iNews, rtv

*Channels that are primarily broadcast in 16:9 sometimes are filled by 4:3 content which are either stretched or pillarboxed.

**Only on digital cable/satellite

***Channels in this category broadcast in 16:9 HDTV along with inner 4:3 SDTV. Due to their visibility, some contents are either pillarboxed and windowboxed (especially in commercial ads and live sport games). Contents wider than 16:9 are usually letterboxed. They're usually stretched in SDTV mode. HD versions are limited to pay-TV services.

****These channels are still using 4:3 configuration. Stretched when broadcasting in 16:9 format. Some channels have limited original 16:9 video contents.

Note: Nationwide TV channels listed above are classified according to their original configuration, sorted chronologically according to TV configuration update. Configuration for exclusively digital and local channels are may vary. Local version of nationwide channels may be different to their national version.

 Iran All channels.
 Israel All channels.
 Japan Japan pioneered in its analogue HDTV system (MUSE) in 16:9 format, started in the 1980s. Currently all main channels have digital terrestrial television channels in 16:9 while being simulcast in analogue 4:3 format. Many satellite broadcast channels are being broadcast in 16:9 as well.
 Jordan All channels.
 Kyrgyzstan All channels.
 Lebanon All channels.
 Malaysia All channels.
 Mongolia MNB & MN2, TM Television, TV5, TV6, TV8, Channel 25, Эx Орон, SBN, ETV, MNC, Eagle News TV, Edutainment TV, Star TV, SPS, Sportbox and SHUUD TV.
 Myanmar All channels.
   Nepal Kantipur Television Network

AP1 TV News 24 (Nepal) TV Filmy

 Oman All channels.
 Pakistan All HD channels. Most SD channels are still broadcasting in 4:3, either in fullscreen or letterboxed
 Philippines 16:9 native*: PTV, ABS-CBN HD***, S+A HD ***, ANC (both SD and HD)***, Kapamilya Channel (both SD and HD)***, CNN Philippines, One PH,*** One News***, Hope Channel Philippines, 3ABN, Hope International, INCTV, Net 25

4:3 upscaled/stretched to 16:9**: ETC, 2nd Avenue, all BEAM's subchannels, Light Network, UNTV, Ang Dating Daan TV, SMNI, all ABS-CBN terrestrial channels (including TVPlus channels), 5, 5 Plus, GMA 7*channels that are squeezed/letterboxed to 4:3 on analog terrestrial transmissions nor no letterbox on widescreen-produced programs.**channels that are originally broadcasting in 4:3 on analog terrestrial, but upscaled or stretched to 16:9 for digital terrestrial television, cable and satellite.***16:9 versions available on pay-TV services only.

 Qatar All Al Jazeera Sports channels, Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera English, Qatar TV HD, all Alkass channels.
 Saudi Arabia All channels.
 Singapore All MediaCorp channels, however 16:9 contents look squashed on older 4:3 sets. Also, all 4:3 contents including news clips are stretched as stretching is common.
 South Korea All channels.
 Sri Lanka Colombo TV.
 Syria All channels.
 Taiwan TTV HD, CTV HD, CTS HD, FTV HD, PTS HD, TVBS.
 Thailand All channels.
 United Arab Emirates All channels.
 Vietnam All of VTC's channels, VTV channels, HTV channels and K+'s channels (selected programmes), most of local channels.

Americas
Country Channel
 Argentina All channels.
 Barbados All channels.
 Bolivia Always on 16:9: PAT, ATB.
Often on 16:9: Bolivia TV.
 Brazil All channels.
 Canada All channels.
 Chile All channels.
 Colombia All channels.
 Costa Rica All channels.
 Dominican Republic All channels.
 Ecuador All channels.
 Jamaica All channels.
 Mexico Free-to-air television: Las Estrellas, FOROtv, Canal 5, NU9VE, Televisa Regional, Azteca Uno, Azteca 7, a+, adn40, Imagen Televisión, Excélsior TV, Canal Once, Canal 22, Una Voz con Todos, Teveunam, Milenio Televisión, Multimedios Televisión, Teleritmo, and some local stations broadcast HD signal.Pay television: U, Golden, Golden Edge, TL Novelas, Bandamax, De Película, De Película Clásico, Ritmoson Latino, TDN, TeleHit, Distrito Comedia, Tiin, Az Noticias, Az Clic!, Az Mundo, Az Corazón, Az Cinema, 52MX, TVC, TVC Deportes, Pánico, Cinema Platino, Cine Mexicano.
 Panama All channels.
 Paraguay Almost all channels on free-to-air television (especially HD Feeds), (ex.: RPC, NPY, Unicanal, channel 7 HD). SD feeds (usually found on pay television) are usually letterboxed and downscaled to 4:3. (for example: SNT & Paravisión)
 Peru All channels.
 United States All HD channels. SD feeds (usually found on pay television) are usually letterboxed and downscaled to 4:3.
 Uruguay All channels.
 Venezuela All channels.

Africa
Country Channel
 Algeria
 Angola All channels.
 Botswana All channels.
 Burkina Faso All channels.
 Cameroon All channels.
 Cape Verde All channels.
 Comoros All channels.
 Congo All channels.
 Djibouti All channels.
 Egypt ERTU Channel 1, ON E, ON Drama, ON Sport, ON Sport 2, DMC, DMC Drama, CBC, CBC Drama, CBC Sofra, Extra News, Al Nahar One, Al Nahar Drama, Al Nahar Sport, TeN, Al Hayah, Al Hayah 2, Al Hayah Musalsalat.
 Equatorial Guinea All channels.
 Eritrea All channels.
 Ethiopia All channels.
 Gabon All channels.
 Ghana All channels.
 Ivory Coast All channels.
 Kenya All channels.
 Lesotho All channels.
 Liberia All channels.
 Libya All channels.
 Madagascar All channels.
 Malawi All channels.
 Mali All channels.
 Morocco All channels.
 Mozambique All channels.
 Mauritius All channels.
 Namibia All channels.
 Nigeria All channels.
 Rwanda All channels.
 Senegal All channels.
 Somalia All channels.
 South Africa All channels.
 Sudan All channels.
 Togo All channels.
 Tunisia All channels.
 Uganda All channels.
 Zimbabwe All channels.
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See also

References
  1. Searching for the Perfect Aspect Ratio (PDF),
  2. "Understanding Aspect Ratios" (Technical bulletin). CinemaSource. The CinemaSource Press. 2001. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  3. EN 5956091, "Method of showing 16:9 pictures on 4:3 displays", issued 1999-09-21
  4. Baker, I (1999-08-25). "Safe areas for widescreen transmission" (PDF). EBU. CH: BBC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-11. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
  5. "Television in the 16:9 screen format" (legislation summary). EU: Europa. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  6. "Product Planners and Marketers Must Act Before 16:9 Panels Replace Mainstream 16:10 Notebook PC and Monitor LCD Panels, New DisplaySearch Topical Report Advises". DisplaySearch. 2008-07-01. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  7. "Display Ratio Change (again)". 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  8. "16:10 vs 16:9 - the monitor aspect ratio conundrum". 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  9. "Resurgence of 16:10 Aspect Ratio Laptop Computers to Occupy 2% Share of Non-Apple Market in 2020, Says TrendForce". 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  10. "Widescreen monitors: Where did 1920×1200 go? « Hardware « MyBroadband Tech and IT News". Mybroadband.co.za. 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  11. "Steam Hardware & Software Survey". Steam. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
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