Pickup truck

A pickup truck or pickup is a light-duty truck having an enclosed cab and an open cargo area with low sides and tailgate.[1] In Australia and New Zealand, both pickups and coupé utilities are called utes, short for utility vehicle. In South Africa, people of all language groups use the term bakkie, a diminutive of bak, Afrikaans for "bowl" or "container".

Ford F-150 Supercrew with tonneau, four doors, sidestep, and wind deflectors

Once a work tool with few creature comforts, in the 1950s US consumers began purchasing pickups for lifestyle reasons, and by the 1990s, less than 15% of owners reported use in work as the pickup truck's primary purpose.[2] Today in North America, the pickup is mostly used as a passenger car[3] and accounts for about 18% of total vehicles sold in the United States.[4]

Full-sized pickups and SUVs are an important source of revenue for GM, Ford, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, accounting for more than two-thirds of their global pretax earnings, though the vehicles make up just 16% of North American vehicle production. The vehicles have a high profit margin and a high price, with 40% of Ford F-150s selling for US$40,000 or more.[5]

The term pickup is of unknown origin. It was used by Studebaker in 1913 and by the 1930s, "pick-up" (hyphenated) had become the standard term.[6]

History
A 1922 Ford Model T pickup

In the early days of automobile manufacturing, vehicles were sold as a chassis only, and third parties added bodies on top.[7] In 1913, the Galion Allsteel Body Company, an early developer of the pickup and dump truck, built and installed hauling boxes on slightly modified Ford Model T chassis,[8] and from 1917 on the Model TT. Seeking part of this market share, Dodge introduced a 3/4-ton pickup with cab and body constructed entirely of wood in 1924.[9] In 1925, Ford followed up with a Model T-based, steel-bodied, half-ton with an adjustable tailgate and heavy-duty rear springs.[10] Billed as the "Ford Model T Runabout with Pickup Body", it sold for US$281; 34,000 were built. In 1928, it was replaced by the Model A which had a closed-cab, safety-glass windshield, roll-up side windows and three-speed transmission. In 1931, Chevrolet produced its first factory-assembled pickup.[11] Ford Australia produced the first Australian "ute" in 1932.[12] During the Second World War, the United States government halted the production of privately owned pickup trucks.[11]

In the 1950s, consumers began purchasing pickups for lifestyle rather than utilitarian reasons.[11] Car-like, smooth-sided, fenderless trucks were introduced, such as the Chevrolet Fleetside, the Chevrolet El Camino, the Dodge Sweptline, and in 1957, Ford's purpose-built Styleside. Pickups began to feature comfort items such as power options and air conditioning.[2] Trucks became more passenger oriented with the introduction of crew cabs in the Toyota Stout[13] and the Hino Briska, was introduced in 1962. Dodge followed with a crew cab in 1963,[14] Ford in 1965, and General Motors in 1973.[15]

In 1963, the U.S. chicken tax directly curtailed the import of the Volkswagen Type 2, distorting the market in favor of American manufacturers.[16] The tariff directly affected any country seeking to bring light trucks into the U.S. and effectively "squeezed smaller Asian truck companies out of the American pickup market."[17] Over the intervening years, Detroit lobbied to protect the light-truck tariff,[16] thereby reducing pressure on Detroit to introduce vehicles that polluted less and that offered increased fuel economy.[16]

The US government's 1973 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) policy sets higher fuel-economy requirements for cars than pickups. CAFE led to the replacement of the station wagon by the minivan, the latter being in the truck category, which allowed it compliance with less-strict emissions standards. Eventually, this same idea led to the promotion of sport utility vehicles (SUVs).[18][19] Pickups, unhindered by the emissions controls regulations on cars, began to replace muscle cars as the performance vehicle of choice. The Dodge Warlock appeared in Dodge's "adult toys" line,[2] along with the Macho Power Wagon and Street Van. The 1978 gas guzzler tax, which taxed fuel-inefficient cars while exempting pickup trucks, further distorted the market in favor of pickups. Furthermore, until 1999, light trucks were not required to meet the same safety standards as cars[20] and 20 years later most still lagged behind cars in the adoption of safety features.[21]

In the 1980s, the compact Mazda B-series, Isuzu Faster, and Mitsubishi Forte appeared. Subsequently, American manufacturers built their own compact pickups for the domestic market: the Ford Ranger, and the Chevrolet S-10. Minivans make inroads into the pickups' market share.[2] In the 1990s, pickups' market share was further eroded by the popularity of SUVs.[2]

International markets

While the Ford F-150 has been the best-selling vehicle in the United States since 1982,[22] the Ford F-150, or indeed any full-sized pickup truck, is a rare sight in Europe, where high fuel prices and narrow city roads make it difficult to use daily.[23] In America, pickups are favored by a cultural attachment to the style, low fuel prices, and taxes and regulations that distort the market in favor of domestically built trucks.[16] As of 2016, the IRS offers tax breaks for business use of "any vehicle equipped with a cargo area ... of at least six feet in interior length that is not readily accessible from the passenger compartment".[24]

In Europe, pickups represent less than 1% of light vehicles sold,[25] the most popular being the Ford Ranger with 27,300 units sold in 2015.[26] Other models include the Renault Alaskan (a rebadged Nissan Navara), and the Toyota Hilux.

The NOx law and other differing regulations prevent pickups from being imported to Japan, but the Japanese Domestic Market Mitsubishi Triton was available for a limited time. The most-recent pickup truck on sale in Japan is Toyota Hilux.

In China (where it is known by the English loanword as 皮卡车 pí kǎ chē) the Great Wall Wingle is manufactured domestically and exported to Australia.[27] In Thailand pickups manufactured for local sale and export include the Isuzu D-Max and the Mitsubishi Triton. In Latin and South America, the Toyota Hilux, Ford Ranger, VW Amarok, Dodge Ram, Chevrolet S-10, Chevrolet D-20, and Chevrolet Montana are sold.

In South Africa, pickups account for about 17% of the passenger and light commercial vehicle sales, mostly the Toyota Hilux, Ford Ranger, and Isuzu KB (Isuzu D-Max).[28] The Volkswagen Amarok and Nissan Navara are also sold.

Design and features

In the US and Canada, nearly all new pickups are sold with automatic transmissions. The Nissan Frontier, Jeep Gladiator, and Toyota Tacoma are all available with manual transmissions; Fords are automatic only.[29]

A regular cab has a single row of seats and a single set of doors, one on each side. Extended or super cab pickups add an extra space behind the main seat, sometimes including small seats. The first extended cab truck in the U.S. was called the Club Cab and was introduced by Chrysler in 1973 on Dodge pickup trucks. A crew cab, or double cab, seats five or six and has four full-sized, front-hinged doors. The first crew cab truck in the U.S. was made by International Harvester in 1957, and was later followed by Dodge in 1963, Ford in 1965, and Chevrolet in 1973.

Cab-over or cab forward designs have the cab sitting above the front axle. An early cab-forward, drop-sided pickup was the Volkswagen Transporter, introduced in 1952. This configuration is more common among European and Japanese manufacturers than in North America, since the style allows a longer cargo area for the same overall length. The design was more popular in North America in the 1950s and '60s, examples including the Chevrolet Corvair Rampside and Loadside, Dodge A-100 and A-108, Ford Econoline, and Jeep FC-150 & FC-170.

The cargo bed can vary in size according to whether the vehicle is optimized for cargo utility or passenger comfort. Most have fixed side walls and a hinged tailgate. Cargo beds are normally found in two styles: step-side or fleet-side. A step-side bed has fenders which extend on the outside of the cargo area. A fleet-side bed has wheel-wells inside the bed. The first fleet-sided truck was the 1955 Chevrolet Cameo Carrier. Early trucks had wood-plank beds, which were largely replaced by steel by the 1960s. Some European-style trucks use a drop-sided bed with a flat tray with hinged panels rising up on the sides and the rear.

A pickup with four rear wheels instead of two is, in North America, called a "dually", which is able to carry more weight over the rear axle. Vehicles similar to the pickup include the coupé utility, a car-based pickup, and the larger sport utility truck (SUT), based on a sport utility vehicle (SUV).

The terms half-ton and three-quarter-ton are remnants from a time when the number referred to the maximum cargo capacity by weight.[30]

The last time Chevrolet and GMC used the Stepside style was on the 2007 Silverado and Sierra Classic models. Ford last used the Flareside style mostly in the 2009 F-150, but it continues on the Raptor variant.

Uses for pickup trucks
1974 Dodge D200 with camper

In the US and Canada, pickups are used primarily for passenger transport. Pickup trucks are often marketed and used for their hauling (utilizing cargo bed) and towing (utilizing body on frame design and long wheelbase) capabilities.

Equipping pickup trucks with camper shells provides a small living space for camping. Slide-in truck campers, though, give a pickup truck the amenities of a small motorhome, but still allow the operator the option of removal and independent use of the vehicle.[31]

Modified pickups can be used as improvised, unarmoured combat vehicles called technicals.

Pickup trucks are used to carry passengers in parts of Africa and Southeast Asia. In Thailand, most songthaews are converted pickup trucks and flatbed trucks. In Haiti, Tap taps are also converted pickup trucks.

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See also

References
  1. "Pickup". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  2. Mueller, Mike. The American Pickup Truck. p. 9.
  3. Porter, Bryan (2011). Handbook of Traffic Psychology. Elsevier. p. 222.
  4. "Vehicle Registration Data". Hedges & Company. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  5. Lienert, Paul (21 November 2013). "Insight: Big trucks still rule Detroit in energy-conscious era". Reuters. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  6. Zuehlke, Jeffrey. Pickup Trucks. p. 9.
  7. Mueller, Mike. Classic Pickups of the 1950s.
  8. "Encyclopedia of American Coachbuilders & Coachbuilding". Coachbuilt. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  9. "1918 to 1928 Dodge Brother Pickups". Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  10. "The History of Ford Pickups: The Model T Years 1925–1927". PickupTrucks.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
  11. "Trucking Timeline: Vintage and Antique Truck Guide". Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  12. "The Ute - Australia Innovates". Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  13. "Toyota Vehicle Identification Manual", Toyota Motor Corporation, Overseas Parts Department, Catalog No.97913-84, 1984, Japan
  14. "Ram history page on Allpar". Retrieved 4 June 2007.
  15. "Chevrolet Avalanche press release" (Press release). Archived from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2007.
  16. Bradsher, Keith (30 November 1997). "Light Trucks Increase Profits But Foul Air More than Cars". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  17. Hunting, Benjamin (10 March 2009). "Global Vehicles and Thailand Argue Against 'Chicken Tax' On Imported Pickups". Autobytel.
  18. Brown, Warren (13 April 2007). "Greenhouse Real Wheels". Washington Post. Retrieved 22 June 2007.
  19. Brown, Warren (29 August 2004). "The Station Wagon Stealthily Returns". Washington Post. Retrieved 22 June 2007.
  20. Eddington, Julia (16 July 2015). "Why Trucks Aren't as Safe as Cars". The Zebra. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  21. Atiyeh, Clifford (21 March 2019). "Three Pickup Trucks Ace IIHS Crash Tests, Yet Many Aren't As Safe As They Should Be". Car and Driver. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  22. "Auto sales reach six-year high of 15.6 million vehicles sold, Ford F-Series takes the lead". NY Daily News. 6 January 2014.
  23. "How Do Europeans View the Ford F-150 Pickup Truck?". Carscoops. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  24. "Electing the Section 179 Deduction". IRS. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  25. Mirani, Leo. "Mercedes is making a fancy pickup truck—for Europeans". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  26. Miller, Daniel (30 September 2016). "Europe's Best-Selling Pickup Might Surprise Americans -- The Motley Fool". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  27. "Chinese Pickup Truck Sales, Led by Great Wall Wingle, Surged 48% to 378,000 Units in 2010". ChinaAutoWeb.com. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  28. "Hilux dethroned: SA has new top bakkie". Wheels. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  29. Inama, John. "Want a Pickup With Manual Transmission? Comprehensive List for 2015". Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  30. "Pickup truck buying guide". Consumer Reports. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  31. Stimson, Tom (May 1967). "Campers, 12 ways to add comfort and convenience". Popular Mechanics. 127 (5): 124–127, 228. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  32. Abel, David (28 July 2014). "Rules have diesel enthusiasts fuming". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  33. Dahl, Melissa (24 July 2014). "Why Pickup Truck Drivers Are Paying $5,000 to Pollute More". Science of Us. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  34. Kulze, Elizabeth (16 June 2014). ""Rollin' Coal" Is Pollution Porn for Dudes With Pickup Trucks". Vocativ. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
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