Richard Shelby

Richard Craig Shelby (born May 6, 1934) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Alabama. First elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986, he is the Chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee, succeeding Thad Cochran. He previously served as Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. He is the longest serving U.S. Senator from Alabama, having surpassed John Sparkman's previous record in March 2019.[1]

"Representative Shelby" redirects here. For the late United States Representative from Illinois, see Shelby Moore Cullom.

Richard Shelby
United States senator
from Alabama
Assumed office
January 3, 1987
Serving with Doug Jones
Preceded byJeremiah Denton
Chair of the Senate Appropriations Committee
Assumed office
April 10, 2018
Preceded byThad Cochran
Chair of the Senate Rules Committee
In office
January 3, 2017 – April 10, 2018
Preceded byRoy Blunt
Succeeded byRoy Blunt
Chair of the Senate Banking Committee
In office
January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2017
Preceded byTim Johnson
Succeeded byMike Crapo
In office
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007
Preceded byPaul Sarbanes
Succeeded byChris Dodd
Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee
In office
January 20, 2001 – June 6, 2001
Preceded byBob Graham
Succeeded byBob Graham
In office
January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2001
Preceded byArlen Specter
Succeeded byBob Graham
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Alabama's 7th district
In office
January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1987
Preceded byWalter Flowers
Succeeded byClaude Harris Jr.
Member of the Alabama Senate
from the 16th district
In office
January 18, 1971 – January 3, 1979
Preceded byClint Reid
Succeeded byRyan DeGraffenried
Personal details
Born
Richard Craig Shelby

(1934-05-06) May 6, 1934
Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
Political partyRepublican (1994–present)
Other political
affiliations		Democratic (until 1994)
Spouse(s)
Annette Nevin
(
m. 1960)
Children2
EducationUniversity of Alabama (BA, LLB)
Birmingham School of Law (JD)
Signature
WebsiteSenate website

Born in Birmingham, Alabama, Shelby received his law degree from the Birmingham School of Law in 1961. After law school in 1963, he went on to serve as city prosecutor (1963–1971). During this period he worked as a U.S. Magistrate for the Northern District of Alabama (1966–1970) and Special Assistant Attorney General of Alabama (1969–1971). He won a seat in the Alabama Senate in 1970. In 1978, he was elected from the 7th District to the United States House of Representatives, where he was among a group of Conservative Democrats known as the boll weevils.

In 1986, Shelby won a tight race as a Democrat for the U.S. Senate. In 1994, the day after the Republican Revolution in which the GOP gained the majority in Congress midway through President Bill Clinton's first term, Shelby switched party affiliations and became a Republican. Shelby was re-elected by a large margin in 1998 and has faced no significant electoral opposition since. He is currently the dean of the Alabama delegation.

Early life, education, and early career

Shelby was born in Birmingham, Alabama,[2] the son of Alice L. (née Skinner) and Ozie Houston Shelby.[3] He graduated in 1953 from Hueytown High School in Hueytown, Alabama, then the University of Alabama, receiving an undergraduate degree in 1957. He attended the Birmingham School of Law, where he earned his Juris Doctor in 1961. He was admitted to the Alabama State Bar on August 29, 1961. He received an LL.B. from The University of Alabama in 1963.

Shelby is a member of the American Bar Association and Alabama State Bar, as well as the American Judicature Society, Alabama Law Institute, Delta Chi fraternity, and Phi Alpha Delta legal fraternity.

Shelby was a city prosecutor in Tuscaloosa, Alabama from 1963 to 1971.[4] From 1966 to 1970, Shelby was a U.S. Magistrate for the Northern District of Alabama; from 1969 to 1971, he was a Special Assistant State Attorney General.

Alabama and U.S. House political career, 1978–1986
Richard Shelby during his tenure in the U.S. House of Representatives

Shelby was elected to the Alabama Senate in 1970 and served until 1978. That year he ran for and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from the Tuscaloosa-based 7th district from which Congressman Walter Flowers was retiring. He was re-elected three times. Shelby was one of the more Conservative Democrats in Congress, and a member of the boll weevils, a group of moderate to conservative-leaning Democrats who often worked with Republican President Ronald Reagan on defense issues.[5]

U.S. Senate
Shelby greeting President Ronald Reagan in 1988

Elections

In the 1986 U.S. Senate election in Alabama, Shelby won the Democratic nomination for the Senate seat held by Republican Jeremiah Denton, the first Republican elected to the Senate from Alabama since Reconstruction. He won a very close race as the Democrats regained control of the Senate. He was easily re-elected in 1992 even as Bill Clinton lost Alabama's electoral votes.

On November 9, 1994, Shelby switched his party affiliation to Republican, one day after the Republican Revolution in which they won control of both houses in the midterm elections, giving the Republicans a 53–47 majority in the Senate. He won his first full term as a Republican in 1998 by a large margin. He has since faced no significant opposition in 2004 or 2010.[6] He was re-elected to a sixth term in 2016.[7]

A September 2009 poll showed Shelby had a 58% approval rating, with 35% disapproving.[8]

In 2014, The Wall Street Journal criticized Shelby for hoarding campaign and PAC contributions and not sharing them with other colleagues.[9]

Tenure

1980s

In 1987, Shelby opposed President Reagan's nomination of Robert Bork to the Supreme Court, a move attributed to lobbying by Alabama African-American leaders who reminded Shelby that he had relied on support from black voters in narrowly defeating Denton in 1986. However, in 1991, Shelby supported President George H. W. Bush's conservative Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas.[10][11]

1990s

In 1991, Shelby sponsored legislation granting federal recognition to the MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians. Though confident it would pass, Shelby stressed the "need to get more documentation regarding establishment of their tribal identity." The Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs voted 11 to 2 in favor of the legislation on July 18.[12]

Shelby publicly feuded with President Bill Clinton during the first half of Clinton's first term. At a meeting with Vice President Al Gore, he turned to the TV cameras and denounced the Clinton program as "high on taxes, low on [spending] cuts".[13]

Shelby served on the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence from 1995 to 2003, stepping down because of a Senate rule limiting committee terms to eight years. Shelby took an adversarial stance toward the intelligence community during both Clinton and Bush administrations. He helped sink Anthony Lake's nomination as CIA director in 1997 and promised to investigate the use of American-made satellites by the Chinese to gather intelligence. Shelby took a hard line on leaks of classified information. In 2000 he introduced a bill (vetoed by President Clinton) "that would have broadened the law that criminalizes release of national defense information."[14] According to the Washington Post:

Civil liberties groups and news organizations, which argued that the legislation would chill their ability to get information from officials, lobbied for the veto. ...

In 2002, with George W. Bush in the White House, Shelby reintroduced his language, but then-Attorney General John D. Ashcroft said that "rigorous investigation" and enforcement of existing laws—not new legislation—were the best way to fight leaks.[14]

In 1991 Shelby supported the 1991 Crime Bill S.1241[15] sponsored by then Senator Joseph Biden that instituted a national waiting period for handgun purchases as well as a federal ban on semi-automatic firearms.[16]

In January 1992, Shelby met with Chair of the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan, advocating for the basic cost of money being reduced from 3.5 percent to 3 percent to assist with the stimulation of the economy. Shelby confirmed afterward that he intended to vote for Greenspan for another term as Federal Reserve Chair and said that Greenspan was not opposed to his suggestion to cut the discount rate to its lowest in twenty years in addition to agreeing with him on the need for a restoration of investment tax credits and a special tax rate for capital gains along with the providing of incentives to encourage savings.[17]

In 1999, he opposed the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, which repealed parts of the Glass–Steagall Legislation, and was the only Republican Senator and one of eight Senators overall to vote against it.[18][19][note 1]

2000s

Shelby was highly critical of CIA Director George Tenet in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.[20] From 2003 until 2007, he chaired the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs.[21] He is a member of the Appropriations Committee where he chaired its subcommittee on Commerce, Justice and Science and Special Committee on Aging. He lost his chairmanships in 2007 when the Democrats regained control of the Senate.

In 2004, a federal investigation concluded that Shelby revealed classified information to the media when he was a member of the Senate Intelligence Committee.[22] Specifically, Shelby revealed classified information on June 19, 2002 to Carl Cameron, the chief political correspondent on Fox News. The information consisted of two messages between Al-Qaeda operatives intercepted by the National Security Agency on September 10, 2001, but not translated until the day after the attacks—"the match is about to begin" and "tomorrow is zero hour." The Department of Justice declined to file criminal charges against Shelby and transferred the case to the Senate Ethics Committee. The committee in 2005 concluded its probe into the alleged leak.[23]

Shelby, in his role as chairman of the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, & Urban Affairs, opposed proposed legislation that would have permitted additional competition in the title insurance industry.[24]

Shelby is currently co-chair of the Congressional Privacy Caucus and Zero Capital Gains Tax Caucus.[25] He is also the Senate co-chair of the National Security Caucus. In addition, he is a member of the National Republican Senatorial Committee and the Senate Centrist Coalition.[25]

In March 2009, as the Obama administration was expected to reverse limits on embryonic stem-cell research imposed by the Bush administration, Shelby said, "My basic tenet here is I don't think we should create life to enhance life and to do research and so forth. I know that people argue there are other ways. I think we should continue our biomedical research everywhere we can, but we should have some ethics about it."[26] Later that month, Shelby was one of fourteen senators to vote against a procedural move that essentially guarantees a major expansion of a national service corps. The bill was estimated by the Congressional Budget Office to cost at least an outlay for the fiscal year 2010 of $418 million toward around $5.7 billion from 2010 through 2014.[27]

In February 2010, Shelby placed a hold on more than 70 of President Obama's nominees to various government posts, in a protest over an Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker contract and the FBI's Terrorist Explosive Device Analytical Center.[28][29][30] Shelby lifted all but three of the holds 3 days later, saying that "The purpose of placing numerous holds was to get the White House's attention on two issues that are critical to our national security—the Air Force's aerial refueling tanker acquisition and the FBI's Terrorist Device Analytical Center (TEDAC). With that accomplished, Sen. Shelby has decided to release his holds on all but a few nominees directly related to the Air Force tanker acquisition until the new Request for Proposal is issued."[31] White House spokesman Robert Gibbs criticized Shelby for "hold[ing] up qualified nominees for positions that are needed because he didn't get two earmarks"; Shelby denied the holds were over earmarks.[29][31]

2010s

Shelby's high campaign contribution spending has been criticized; from 2008 until 2014 he had reimbursed himself and his wife more than $500,000 from his campaign and leadership PACs.[9] The Wall Street Journal called him a "stingy lawmaker".[32]

In May 2011, Shelby was one of five Republicans to vote against a Republican bill expanding offshore oil and gas drilling in U.S. coastal waters and requiring the Interior Department to complete multiple offshore lease sales in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coasts of Virginia and Alaska.[33]

In March 2015, Shelby announced the Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee would "review proposals aimed at providing greater clarity in Fed decision-making and at reforming the composition of Federal Reserve System" and that he had asked for input from the original regional reserve bank presidents for the Federal Reserve.[34]

In March 2017, Shelby referred to Supreme Court nominee Neil Gorsuch as "an outstanding nominee" who Republicans should make sure if Democrats wanted to filibuster and said he was not worried about the changes to the filibuster rules affecting the Senate, citing the Democrats as having used "nuclear option" first.[35]

In December 2017, after Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Chuck Grassley issued a statement requesting that the nomination of Brett Talley for federal judge in Alabama be withdrawn, a spokesman for Shelby stated that Shelby considered Talley "a great young attorney" and had spoken with him the previous week while asking "for his letter of withdrawal in hopes that Mr. Talley can gain more experience."[36]

Shelby and Brett Kavanaugh in July 2018

In August 2018, after Rand Paul proposed an amendment to tie a spending bill to the funding of Planned Parenthood, Shelby warned that the amendment could attract supporters while concurrently becoming a spoiler for a larger government spending bill.[37]

In September 2018, Shelby reported that the House and Senate were close to a deal on a third package of spending bills for 2019. Representative Nita Lowey disputed the claim, saying that she did not believe a deal would be reached until after the House adjourned and a Republican aide in the House of Representatives responded that there was no time to complete the package.[38]

In November 2018, Shelby, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, and John Thune met with President Trump at the White House, Shelby stating after the meeting that he told Trump the Republicans should avoid a partial government shutdown over Trump's wishes for a border wall and that he was unsure of Trump's position having been affected by his comments.[39]

In February 2019, after President Trump delivered the 2019 State of the Union Address, Shelby stated that the address was a reiterating of the president's support for the U.S.-Mexico border wall and confirmed an interaction with House Appropriations Committee Chairwoman Nita Lowey, a leading Democratic negotiator.[40]

Political positions

Abortion

Shelby opposes abortion and has stated on his Senate campaign website that Roe v. Wade is "...terribly flawed on both a constitutional and moral basis." Shelby also opposes taxpayer funding of Planned Parenthood and has voted against a short-term funding bill in Congress because it did not defund Planned Parenthood.[41]

Budget and economy

Both under the Bush Administration, in 2008, and the Obama Administration, beginning in 2009, Shelby was vocal in his opposition to bailing out the banks and other corporations (such as AIG).[42]

In 2010, Shelby initially opposed the Republican Party's moratorium on earmark funding.[43] That same year, Shelby voted to block three amendments to regulate banks, including an amendment #3812 to S. 3217 to cap ATM fees at $0.50 per transaction, and to bar banks borrowing taxpayer money through TARP funds to use those funds for their own benefit.[44] Shelby also believes that bank oversight violates the right to privacy and is against the Government Office of Financial Research being able to collect the financial data it needs to regulate the bank industry.[45]

In 2011, Shelby opposed the nomination of Nobel Economics Prize laureate and Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Peter Diamond to serve on the board of the Federal Reserve, on the grounds that professor Diamond "lacked the necessary qualifications".[46] Since becoming Senate Banking Chairman Shelby has made "regulatory relief and financial regulation reform his top priority".[47] In May 2015, he revealed the so-called "Shelby Bill", easing regulatory restrictions on smaller banks and increasing scrutiny of the Federal Reserve.[47]

In May 2015, Shelby introduced legislation that if enacted would increase congressional scrutiny of the Federal Reserve and ease some regulatory burdens on multiple small banks and loosen oversight to banks such as U.S. Bancorp and SunTrust Banks enacted under the Dodd-Frank Act. In a written statement, Shelby referred to the legislation as "a working document intended to initiate a conversation with all members of the committee who are interested in reaching a bipartisan agreement to improve access to credit and to reduce the level of risk in our financial system."[48]

Civil rights

Shelby voted in support of making English the sole language of the federal government.[49]

He voted in support of the Federal Marriage Amendment.[50]

Bill Clinton

In 1999, Shelby was one of ten Republican senators to vote for the acquittal of President Bill Clinton on the charge of perjury when Clinton was tried in the Senate in 1999, although he voted for Clinton's conviction on the charge of obstruction of justice.[51]

Foreign policy
Iran

In December 2002, Shelby said, "We don't need another nuclear power -- not with Iran sponsoring terrorism that it has in the past. The fact that they are seemingly pursuing an avenue to build nuclear weapons should be disturbing to everybody."[52]

In March 2015, Shelby was one of forty-seven Republican senators to sign a letter to Iran warning that a nuclear deal with the United States would have to first be approved through Congress.[53] In July, Shelby stated that the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action was "a bad deal" and questioned why the United States would support the agreement if Russia President Vladimir Putin favored it.[54]

In September 2016, Shelby was one of thirty-four senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of State John Kerry advocating for the United States using "all available tools to dissuade Russia from continuing its airstrikes in Syria" from an Iranian airbase near Hamadan "that are clearly not in our interest" and stating that there should be clear enforcement by the US of the airstrikes violating "a legally binding Security Council Resolution" on Iran.[55]

Israel

In August 2017, Shelby co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act (S.270), which made it a federal crime, punishable by a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment,[56] for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government.[57]

Russia

In December 2010, Shelby was one of twenty-six senators who voted against the ratification of New Start,[58] a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and Russian Federation obliging both countries to have no more than 1,550 strategic warheads as well as 700 launchers deployed during the next seven years along with providing a continuation of on-site inspections that halted when START I expired the previous year. It was the first arms treaty with Russia in eight years.[59]

Saudi Arabia

In March 2018, Shelby voted to table a resolution spearheaded by Bernie Sanders, Chris Murphy, and Mike Lee that would have required President Trump to withdraw American troops either in or influencing Yemen within the next 30 days unless they were combating Al-Qaeda.[60]

Gun law

Shelby has an A+ rating from the National Rifle Association for his support of gun rights.[61] In 2016, Shelby voted against the Feinstein Amendment, which sought to stop the sale of firearms to people known or suspected to be terrorists. Upon being asked by Scott Wapner on why he voted against it, Shelby said "I do believe that we should keep guns out of the hands of terrorists, would-be terrorists, and a lot of other people."[62]

In January 2019, Shelby was one of 31 Republican senators to cosponsor the Constitutional Concealed Carry Reciprocity Act, a bill introduced by John Cornyn and Ted Cruz that would grant individuals with concealed carry privileges in their home state the right to exercise this right in any other state with concealed carry laws while concurrently abiding by that state’s laws.[63]

Health care

Shelby opposed President Barack Obama's health reform legislation; he voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in December 2009,[64] and he voted against the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.[65]

In August 2009, Shelby opined that the United States had "the best health care system in the world" and cited the need to expand the system without destroying it.[66]

Following Senator Ted Cruz's 21-hour speech opposing the Affordable Care Act, Shelby joined Cruz and 17 other Senators in a failed vote against cloture on a comprehensive government funding bill that would have also continued funding healthcare reform.[67]

In September 2017, after the Senate reached an agreement during a lunch to not vote on a Republican bill to repeal the Affordable Care Act that week, Shelby said, "Why have a vote if you know what the outcome is and it's not what you want. I don't know what you gain from that. But I do believe that the health care issue is not dead, and that's what counts."[68]

Immigration

Shelby voted in support of providing a moratorium on certain forms of immigration,[69]

Space

Shelby has supported development of the Space Launch System (SLS), but disagreed with how funds for the program have been spent.[70] He favors competition for the strap-on booster design.[71][72] The SLS earmark has been opposed by fiscal conservative groups, including the Tea Party.[73][74][75] When President Obama decided to cancel Constellation, the Bush-era NASA program that was to provide the U.S.'s next manned rocket and instead give NASA a new $6 billion to ramp up a commercial space industry while NASA studies deep-space missions, Shelby ridiculed the plan as a "faith-based initiative".[76]

Taxes

He advocates a flat tax and supported the Bush Administration's tax cuts.[77] He cites disagreements with the Democrats on tax policy as one of the main reasons he became a Republican; he feels the Democrats are too willing to enact tax increases.[78]

Shelby is a signer of Americans for Tax Reform's Taxpayer Protection Pledge.[79]

Donald J. Trump

During the impeachment trial of Donald J. Trump, Shelby opposed the introduction of new witnesses[80] and voted in support of acquitting Trump.[81]

Interest group and ideological ratings

See current Lawmaker Ratings at The Hill

Committee assignments
Senator Shelby chairing the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs

Caucuses

Buildings named after him
  • The Shelby Hall Research Center at the University of Alabama is named for Senator Shelby and his wife, a professor emerita at that university. The 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2) new center opened in 2007 and combines mathematics, chemistry and biology research in one building.[84]
  • The Richard C. and Annette N. Shelby Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Building at the University of Alabama at Birmingham opened in April 2006. The 12 story building cost $70 million and is 310,000 square feet (29,000 m2).[85]
  • The Senator Richard C. and Dr. Annette N. Shelby Center for Engineering Technology, part of the Samuel Ginn College of Engineering at Auburn University, was dedicated on April 18, 2008. Shelby helped secure $30 million of the $54 million cost of Phase I of the project.[86]
  • In Mobile, Alabama, Shelby Hall houses the University of South Alabama College of Engineering and School of Computer and Information Sciences. The 155,000 square feet (14,400 m2) facility was named after Senator Richard C. and Dr. Annette N. Shelby for their commitment to higher education in the state of Alabama. Senator Shelby was instrumental for securing $40 million in Federal grants to fund the $50 million project.[87] The building was dedicated on Sunday, September 9, 2012.[88]
  • The 207,000-square-foot Shelby Center for Science and Technology was dedicated at the University of Alabama in Huntsville in October 2007.[89] The $60 million facility is named for Sen. Richard Shelby.[90] It includes 18 teaching laboratories, 13 classrooms, 15 research laboratories, two teaching auditoriums, and 146 offices.[91]

Electoral history
1986 Democratic U.S. Senate primary results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard Shelby 420,155 51.33%
Democratic Jim Allen, Jr. 284,206 34.72%
Democratic Ted McLaughlin 70,784 8.65%
Democratic Margaret Stewart 26,723 3.27%
Democratic Steve Arnold 16,722 2.04%
Total votes 818,590 100.00%
United States Senate election in Alabama, 1986
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard Shelby 609,360 50.28%
Republican Jeremiah Denton 602,537 49.72%
Total votes '1,211,897' '100.0%'
Democratic gain from Republican
United States Senate election in Alabama, 1992[92]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard Shelby (incumbent) 1,022,698 64.8%
Republican Richard Sellers 522,015 33.1%
Libertarian Jerome Shockley 31,811 2.0%
Independent Write-ins 1,275 0.1%
Total votes '1,577,799' '100%'
Democratic hold
United States Senate election in Alabama, 1998[93]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Richard Shelby (incumbent) 817,973 63.2%
Democratic Clayton Suddith 474,568 36.7%
Independent Write-ins 864 0.1%
Republican hold
United States Senate election in Alabama, 2004
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Richard Shelby (incumbent) 1,242,038[94] 67.6%
Democratic Wayne Sowell 594,439 32.4%
Independent Write-ins 1,848 0.1%
Total votes 1,836,477 100.0%
Turnout N/A
Republican hold
2010 Republican U.S. Senate primary results[95]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Richard Shelby (incumbent) 405,042 84.4%
Republican Clint Moser 75,190 15.6%
Total votes 479,189 100.0%
United States Senate election in Alabama, 2010[96]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Richard Shelby (incumbent) 968,181 65.3%
Democratic William G. Barnes 515,619 34.7%
Total votes 1,482,910 100.0%
Turnout N/A
Republican hold
2016 Republican U.S. Senate primary results[97]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Richard Shelby (incumbent) 505,586 64.91%
Republican Jonathan McConnell 214,770 27.58%
Republican John Martin 23,558 3.02%
Republican Marcus Bowman 19,707 2.53%
Republican Shadrack McGill 15,230 1.96%
Total votes 778,851 100.00%
United States Senate election in Alabama, 2016[98]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Republican Richard Shelby (incumbent) 1,335,104 63.96% -1.22%
Democratic Ron Crumpton 748,709 35.87% +1.16%
n/a Write-ins 3,631 0.17% +0.06%
Total votes '2,087,444' '100.00%' N/A
Republican hold

Notes
  1. 52 Republicans and 38 Democrats voted for the bill. Shelby voted against it as did 7 Democratic Senators: Barbara Boxer (Calif.), Richard Bryan (Nevada), Byron Dorgan (N. Dakota), Russell Feingold (Wisc.), Tom Harkin (Iowa), Barbara Mikulski (Maryland) and Paul Wellstone (Minn.) Sen. Peter Fitzgerald (R-Illinois) voted "present", while Sen. John McCain (R-Arizona) did not vote.

See also

References
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  13. Indianapolis Star, March 19, 1997, p. 7.
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  34. "Key Republican Lawmaker Calls for Review of Fed Structure". The Wall Street Journal. March 3, 2015.
  35. "Orrin Hatch to back nuclear option if needed to confirm Gorsuch". CNN. March 27, 2017.
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  38. "Shelby: Deal close on third minibus spending package". The Hill. September 26, 2018.
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  46. NY Times June 6, 2011
  47. Michael Flaherty (May 12, 2015). "Senate Banking bill proposes several changes for Fed: source". Reuters. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
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  49. "English-Only Initiatives Before The Congress". civilrights.org. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
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Further reading
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by
Walter Flowers		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Alabama's 7th congressional district
1979–1987		 Succeeded by
Claude Harris
Party political offices
Preceded by
Jim Folsom		 Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Alabama
(Class 3)
1986, 1992		 Succeeded by
Clayton Suddith
Preceded by
Richard Sellers		 Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Alabama
(Class 3)
1998, 2004, 2010, 2016		 Most recent
U.S. Senate
Preceded by
Jeremiah Denton		 U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Alabama
1987–present
Served alongside: Howell Heflin, Jeff Sessions, Luther Strange, Doug Jones		 Incumbent
Preceded by
Arlen Specter		 Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee
1997–2001		 Succeeded by
Bob Graham
Preceded by
Bob Graham		 Ranking Member of the Senate Intelligence Committee
2001–2003		 Succeeded by
Jay Rockefeller
Preceded by
Paul Sarbanes		 Chair of the Senate Banking Committee
2003–2007		 Succeeded by
Chris Dodd
Ranking Member of the Senate Banking Committee
2007–2013		 Succeeded by
Mike Crapo
Preceded by
Thad Cochran		 Ranking Member of the Senate Appropriations Committee
2013–2015		 Succeeded by
Barbara Mikulski
Preceded by
Tim Johnson		 Chair of the Senate Banking Committee
2015–2017		 Succeeded by
Mike Crapo
Preceded by
Roy Blunt		 Chair of the Senate Rules Committee
2017–2018		 Succeeded by
Roy Blunt
Preceded by
Gregg Harper		 Chair of the Joint Printing Committee
2017–2018
Preceded by
Thad Cochran		 Chair of the Senate Appropriations Committee
2018–present		 Incumbent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by
Mitch McConnell		 United States Senators by seniority
4th		 Succeeded by
Dianne Feinstein
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