Cyclone Martin

Severe Tropical Cyclone Martin was the deadliest tropical cyclone of the 1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season. The system was first noted as a weak tropical disturbance on October 27, to the north of the Northern Cook Islands. Over the next few days atmospheric convection surrounding the system remained disorganized, as it moved towards the southwest and was affected by strong upper-level north-easterly winds and moderate to strong vertical wind shear. The system was subsequently named Martin during October 31, after it had rapidly developed further and shown a marked improvement organization.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Martin
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Aus scale)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Cyclone Martin near peak intensity south of Manahiki on November 3
FormedOctober 27, 1997
DissipatedNovember 5, 1997
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 155 km/h (100 mph)
1-minute sustained: 185 km/h (115 mph)
Lowest pressure945 hPa (mbar); 27.91 inHg
Fatalities28
Damage$8 million (1997 USD)
Areas affectedCook Islands, French Polynesia
Part of the 1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

On October 27, 1997 the Fiji Meteorological Service started to monitor a weak tropical disturbance, that had developed to the north of the Northern Cook Islands.[1] Over the next few days, atmospheric convection surrounding the system remained disorganised, as the system moved to the southwest and was affected by strong upper-level north-easterly winds and moderate to strong vertical wind shear.[2][3] Late on October 30, the United States Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (NPMOC) designated the disturbance as Tropical Cyclone 04P, as it had become a tropical depression.[2][4][5] During the next day the system started to show a marked improvement in organisation and began rapidly developing, before the FMS named it Martin at 1500 UTC after it had developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[1] When it was named, Martin was located about 500 km (310 mi) to the west of Manihiki Atoll in the Northern Cook Islands and had started to re-curve and move towards the south-east during that day.[1][6][7] Early on November 1, the FMS reported that the system had become a category 2 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale, before the NPMOC reported that Martin had become equivalent to a category one hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS).[6][8] During that day as the cyclone season officially started, Martin continued to intensify and became a category 3 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale, as it passed about 150 km (95 mi) to the south of Manihiki.[3][6][9]

During November 2, the system continued to intensify as it moved towards the southeast and became equivalent to a category 2 hurricane on the SSHWS, as it moved towards the French Polynesian Society Islands of Bellingshausen, Mopelia and Scilly.[3][6][8] During the next day, Martin passed near the Society Islands as it developed an 17 km (10 mi) eye, before the FMS reported at 06:00 UTC that the system had peaked as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 155 km/h (100 mph).[3][10][11] The NPMOC also reported at around that time that Martin had peaked with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 185 km/h (115 mph), which made it equivalent to a category 3 hurricane on the SSHWS.[8][11] After peaking in intensity Martin started to weaken, as it interacted with a frontal system and started to accelerate towards the south-southeast.[1][12] During November 4, Martin passed within 250 km (160 mi) of Tahiti as it became a category 2 tropical cyclone and started to transition into an extratropical cyclone.[1][10][13] Later that day, the NPMOC issued their final advisory on system as it had become equivalent to a tropical depression, vertically sheared with its surface center dislocated about 110 km (70 mi) from its upper level center.[8][14] During November 5, Martin weakened below tropical cyclone intensity, before it was last noted on November 8 in the Southeastern Pacific Ocean over 1,800 km (1,120 mi) to the southeast of Adamstown in the Pitcairn Islands.[6]

Preparations, impact and aftermath

Martin caused significant damage and 28 deaths as it affected the Cook Islands and French Polynesia, while the name was retired from the lists of tropical cyclone names for the region due to the impact of this system.[3][15]

Martin devastated Manihiki in the Cook Islands. Almost every building on the island was destroyed by the storm surge, 10 people were killed, and 10 more persons reported missing and were later declared dead by the Cook Islands Coroner.[16][17] 360 people were evacuated to Rarotonga,[18] with most never returning.[19] When the centre was closest to the island, the automatic weather station reported a lowest pressure of 994hPa, sustained winds of 20 m/s, and a highest gust of 29 m/s.[3] However, this was the last meteorological report from the station before it was destroyed by storm surge.[16] Within the Cook Islands, Martin was the deadliest known tropical cyclone to affect the Cook Islands in over a century, after it caused 19 deaths within the Islands.[20][21]

See also

References
  1. Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 1997–98 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  2. Padgett, Gary (1997). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary October 1997". Archived from the original on July 23, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  3. Chappel Lori-Carmen; Bate Peter W (June 2, 2000). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1997–98" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 49: 121–138. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 30, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  4. Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (October 30, 1997). Tropical Cyclone 04P Warning 1 October 30, 1997 21z (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  5. Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (1998). Chapter 4 Summary of South Pacific and South Indian Tropical Cyclones (PDF) (1998 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report). United States Navy, United States Airforce. p. 128. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  6. MetService (May 22, 2009). "TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967–2006". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
  7. Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (November 1, 1997). Tropical Cyclone 04P (Martin) Warning 4 November 1, 1997 09z (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  8. Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center; Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical Cyclone 04P (Martin) best track analysis (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  9. RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (December 12, 2012). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2012 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 2B–1–2B–4 (23–26). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 1, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  10. the FMS — Tropical Cyclone Centre; TCWC Brisbane; TCWC Wellington (May 22, 2009). "the FMS — Tropical Cyclone Centre Best Track Data for 1997/98 Cyclone Season". Fiji Meteorological Service, Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited, Australian Bureau of Meteorology. United States: International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  11. Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (November 3, 1997). Tropical Cyclone 04P (Martin) Warning 8 November 3, 1997 09z (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  12. Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (November 3, 1997). Tropical Cyclone 04P (Martin) Warning 9 November 3, 1997 21z (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  13. Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (November 4, 1997). Tropical Cyclone 04P (Martin) Warning 10 November 4, 1997 03z (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  14. Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (November 4, 1997). Tropical Cyclone 04P (Martin) Warning 11 November 4, 1997 21z (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  15. RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (December 12, 2012). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2012 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
  16. Cook Islands Government (June 20, 2007). "Coroner confirms Cyclone Martin Victims". Archived from the original on August 1, 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  17. Carr, Tara (June 20, 2007). "Missing Northern Cooks Islanders declared dead". Pacific Islands Report. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  18. "Cook Islands Tropical Cyclone Martin Situation Report No . 2". UN DHA. 18 November 1997. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  19. "Manihiki remembers Martin". Cook Islands News. 1 November 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  20. De Scally, Fes (2008). "Insights provided by a historical database of tropical cyclones and their impacts in the Cook Islands". Island Climate Update. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (88): 6.
  21. De Scally, Fes (2008). "Historical Tropical Cyclone Activity and Impacts in the Cook Islands" (PDF). Pacific Science. 62 (4): 443–459. doi:10.2984/1534-6188(2008)62[443:HTCAAI]2.0.CO;2. hdl:10125/22721. ISSN 0030-8870.
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