Abortion in Wyoming

Abortion in Wyoming is legal. 48% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. By 1950, abortion was a criminal offense in Wyoming. Abortion legislation tried and failed to get passed in 1997.  A fetal heartbeat bill was introduced in the Wyoming House of Representatives in January 2013 but never made it out of committee. In January 2017, a mandatory ultrasound law went into effect but it lacked an enforcement component.

The number of abortion clinics in the state has been on the decline in recent years, going from eight in 1982 to five in 1992 to one in 2014 and remaining at that total in 2016, 2017 and 2019.  Despite this, there were a few medical facilities that would quietly offer abortion services to women who needed them. There were 642 abortions in 2014. People participated in the #StoptheBans movement in May 2019 in Wyoming.

Terminology
Main article: Abortion

The abortion debate most commonly relates to the "induced abortion" of an embryo or fetus at some point in a pregnancy, which is also how the term is used in a legal sense.[note 1] Some also use the term "elective abortion", which is used in relation to a claim to an unrestricted right of a woman to an abortion, whether or not she chooses to have one. The term elective abortion or voluntary abortion describes the interruption of pregnancy before viability at the request of the woman, but not for medical reasons.[1]

Anti-abortion advocates tend to use terms such as "unborn baby", "unborn child", or "pre-born child",[2][3] and see the medical terms "embryo", "zygote", and "fetus" as dehumanizing.[4][5] Both "pro-choice" and "pro-life" are examples of terms labeled as political framing: they are terms which purposely try to define their philosophies in the best possible light, while by definition attempting to describe their opposition in the worst possible light. "Pro-choice" implies that the alternative viewpoint is "anti-choice", while "pro-life" implies the alternative viewpoint is "pro-death" or "anti-life".[6] The Associated Press encourages journalists to use the terms "abortion rights" and "anti-abortion".[7]

Context
See also: Abortion in the United States

Free birth control correlates to teenage girls having a fewer pregnancies and fewer abortions. A 2014 New England Journal of Medicine study found such a link.  At the same time, a 2011 study by Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health also found that states with more abortion restrictions have higher rates of maternal death, higher rates of uninsured pregnant women, higher rates of infant and child deaths, higher rates of teen drug and alcohol abuse, and lower rates of cancer screening.[8]

According to a 2017 report from the Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health, states that tried to pass additional constraints on a women's ability to access legal abortions had fewer policies supporting women's health, maternal health and children's health.  These states also tended to resist expanding Medicaid, family leave, medical leave, and sex education in public schools.[9] According to Megan Donovan, a senior policy manager at the Guttmacher Institute, states have legislation seeking to protect a woman's right to access abortion services have the lowest rates of infant mortality in the United States.[9]

Poor women in the United States had problems paying for menstrual pads and tampons in 2018 and 2019. Almost two-third of American women could not pay for them. These were not available through the federal Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC).[10] Lack of menstrual supplies has an economic impact on poor women.  A study in St. Louis found that 36% had to miss days of work because they lacked adequate menstrual hygiene supplies during their period.  This was on top of the fact that many had other menstrual issues including bleeding, cramps and other menstrual induced health issues.[10] This state was one of a majority that taxed essential hygiene products like tampons and menstrual pads as of November 2018.[11][12][13][14]

History

In 2017, there were medical facilities that would perform abortions but they did not make this information public and women could only find out about these services if they were existing patients.[15]

Legislative history

By 1950, the state legislature would pass a law that stating that a woman who had an abortion or actively sought to have an abortion regardless of whether she went through with it were guilty of a criminal offense.[16] An abortion related bill was introduced in the legislature in 1997. It was the only one of its kind introduced that year. The bill did not succeed, not even in getting a floor vote.[17]

A fetal heartbeat bill, HB 97, was introduced in the Wyoming House of Representatives in January 2013 by Kendell Kroeker, however in February 2013 the bill was struck down by a house committee in a 4–5 vote.[18][19] The state legislature was one of five states nationwide that tried to pass such a bill that year.[20] On July 1, 2017, a law passed by the state legislature went into effect the prohibited the sale of fetal tissue.  Another law that went into effect that day required abortion service providers to give women seeking abortions an ultrasound, but it had no enforcement component.[15] As of May 14, 2019, the state prohibited abortions after the fetus was viable, generally some point between week 24 and 28. This period uses a standard defined by the US Supreme Court in 1973 with the Roe v. Wade ruling.[21]

Judicial history

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[16]

Clinic history
Number of abortion clinics in Wyoming by year.
See also: Abortion clinic

Between 1982 and 1992, the total number of abortion clinics in the state declined by three, going from eight to five.[17] Abortion clinic Emerg-A-Care opened in 1990, advertising a private medical practice as urgent care so that tourists in the area would feel comfortable visiting if they needed medical treatment.  Among the services they offered were abortion services.[15]

In 2014, there officially was one abortion clinics in the state.[22] In 2014, 96% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 96% of women in the state aged 15 – 44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[23] In March 2016, there was only one Planned Parenthood clinic in the state.[24] After Planned Parenthood of the Rocky Mountains switched from directly billing women to directly billing Medicaid in 2016, they ran into funding bills as Medicaid has low reimbursement rates. Consequently, they were forced to close three clinics in Colorado and Wyoming in July 2017.  The closure of the Wyoming clinic meant the state had no more Planned Parenthood clinics in the state.[25] As of July 2017, there were zero Planned Parenthood clinics in the state. It was one of two US states without a Planned Parenthood clinic.[25] In 2017, there was officially only one abortion clinic, Emerg-A-Care, in the state but two more that privately would perform abortions for existing patients. These women's reproductive health centers provided around one to five abortions a year.[15] Emerg-A-Care also served women from eastern Idaho. Less than 0.5% of their practice involved providing abortion services. Of the abortions performed in 2017, 80% were medical.[15]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, there were zero recorded illegal abortion deaths in the state.[26] In 1990, 50,000 women were at risk of unintended pregnancies.[17] In 2014, 48% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.[27] In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 4.6 deaths per 1,000 live births.[9]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996[28]
Census division and stateNumberRate% change 1992–1996
199219951996199219951996
US Total1,528,9301,363,6901,365,73025.922.922.9–12
Mountain69,60063,39067,0202117.918.6–12
Arizona20,60018,12019,31024.119.119.8–18
Colorado19,88015,69018,31023.61820.9–12
Idaho1,7101,5001,6007.25.86.1–15
Montana3,3003,0102,90018.216.215.6–14
Nevada13,30015,60015,45044.246.744.61
New Mexico6,4105,4505,47017.714.414.4–19
Utah3,9403,7403,7009.38.17.8–16
Wyoming4602802804.32.72.7–37
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
LocationResidenceOccurrence% obtained by

out-of-state residents

 YearRef
No.Rate^Ratio^^No.Rate^^Ratio^^
Wyoming6425.883————2014[29]
Wyoming 493 4.5 67 — — — — 2016 [30]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births


Financing

In 1998, women could only get public funds for an abortion if continuing the pregnancy put her life at risk, if the pregnancy was a result of rape that was reported within five days of it occurring or was a result of incest.[17] In 2010, the state had zero publicly funded abortions.[31]

Abortion rights views and activities

Protests

Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.[32] Wyoming Equality was one of the organizers for the Cheyenne #StoptheBans protest that drew women from across the state. Participant Ambrei Meadows-Fernandez said during the protest, " We know in a day where you can reach anyone via social media almost instantly, it kind of shows your commitment to the long-run of connection."[33]

Anti-abortion views and activities

Violence

In 1994, a multi-state abortion bomber bombed Emerg-A-Care during the night, causing large amounts of smoke damage that resulted in the clinic being closed for several weeks.[15]

Footnotes
  1. According to the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade:
    (a) For the stage prior to approximately the end of the first trimester, the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgement of the pregnant woman's attending physician. (b) For the stage subsequent to approximately the end of the first trimester, the State, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may, if it chooses, regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. (c) For the stage subsequent to viability, the State in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgement, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother.
    Likewise, Black's Law Dictionary defines abortion as "knowing destruction" or "intentional expulsion or removal".

References
  1. Watson, Katie (20 Dec 2019). "Why We Should Stop Using the Term "Elective Abortion"". AMA Journal of Ethics. 20: E1175-1180. doi:10.1001/amajethics.2018.1175. PMID 30585581. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  2. Chamberlain, Pam; Hardisty, Jean (2007). "The Importance of the Political 'Framing' of Abortion". The Public Eye Magazine. 14 (1).
  3. "The Roberts Court Takes on Abortion". New York Times. November 5, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
  4. Brennan 'Dehumanizing the vulnerable' 2000
  5. Getek, Kathryn; Cunningham, Mark (February 1996). "A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing – Language and the Abortion Debate". Princeton Progressive Review.
  6. "Example of "anti-life" terminology" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
  7. Goldstein, Norm, ed. The Associated Press Stylebook. Philadelphia: Basic Books, 2007.
  8. Castillo, Stephanie (2014-10-03). "States With More Abortion Restrictions Hurt Women's Health, Increase Risk For Maternal Death". Medical Daily. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  9. "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  10. Mundell, E.J. (January 16, 2019). "Two-Thirds of Poor U.S. Women Can't Afford Menstrual Pads, Tampons: Study". US News & World Report. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  11. Larimer, Sarah (January 8, 2016). "The 'tampon tax,' explained". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 11, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  12. Bowerman, Mary (July 25, 2016). "The 'tampon tax' and what it means for you". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 11, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  13. Hillin, Taryn. "These are the U.S. states that tax women for having periods". Splinter. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
  14. "Election Results 2018: Nevada Ballot Questions 1-6". KNTV. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  15. McCann, Allison (May 23, 2017). "Seven states have only one remaining abortion clinic. We talked to the people keeping them open". Vice News. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  16. Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66: 1774–1831.
  17. Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9780788174810.
  18. Hancock, Laura (January 29, 2013). "Wyoming House Panel votes down abortion bill". Casper Star-Tribune. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  19. "WY HB0097 - 2013 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
  20. Lai, K. K. Rebecca (2019-05-15). "Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  21. Lai, K. K. Rebecca (2019-05-15). "Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  22. Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  23. businessinsider (2018-08-04). "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  24. Bohatch, Emily. "27 states with the most Planned Parenthood clinics". thestate. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  25. "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood". Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  26. Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR 2133995. PMID 1269687.
  27. "Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics | Pew Research Center". Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  28. "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Guttmacher Institute. 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  29. Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMID 29166366.
  30. Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1. ISSN 1546-0738.
  31. "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  32. Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA TODAY. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  33. Foulk, Grace. "Wyoming Equality hosts #stopthebans Cheyenne event". www.wyomingnewsnow.tv. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
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