Abortion in Wisconsin

Abortion in Wisconsin is legal. 53% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.

There is an abortion rights activist community in the state.  One abortion rights organization based in Wisconsin is Wisconsin Alliance for Reproductive Health.   Wisconsin women participated in the #YouKnowMe movement and the #StoptheBans movement in 2019.  There is also an anti-abortion rights community, much of it centered on religious groups. Protesters were regularly outside Affiliated Medical Services in 2013.  There has been some anti-abortion violence, including a bomb attack against a Planned Parenthood clinic in April 2012.

Terminology
Main article: Abortion

The abortion debate most commonly relates to the "induced abortion" of an embryo or fetus at some point in a pregnancy, which is also how the term is used in a legal sense.[note 1] Some also use the term "elective abortion", which is used in relation to a claim to an unrestricted right of a woman to an abortion, whether or not she chooses to have one. The term elective abortion or voluntary abortion describes the interruption of pregnancy before viability at the request of the woman, but not for medical reasons.[1]

Anti-abortion advocates tend to use terms such as "unborn baby", "unborn child", or "pre-born child",[2][3] and see the medical terms "embryo", "zygote", and "fetus" as dehumanizing.[4][5] Both "pro-choice" and "pro-life" are examples of terms labeled as political framing: they are terms which purposely try to define their philosophies in the best possible light, while by definition attempting to describe their opposition in the worst possible light. "Pro-choice" implies that the alternative viewpoint is "anti-choice", while "pro-life" implies the alternative viewpoint is "pro-death" or "anti-life".[6] The Associated Press encourages journalists to use the terms "abortion rights" and "anti-abortion".[7]

Context
See also: Abortion in the United States

Free birth control correlates to teenage girls having a fewer pregnancies and fewer abortions. A 2014 New England Journal of Medicine study found such a link.  At the same time, a 2011 study by Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health also found that states with more abortion restrictions have higher rates of maternal death, higher rates of uninsured pregnant women, higher rates of infant and child deaths, higher rates of teen drug and alcohol abuse, and lower rates of cancer screening.[8]

According to a 2017 report from the Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health, states that tried to pass additional constraints on a women's ability to access legal abortions had fewer policies supporting women's health, maternal health and children's health.  These states also tended to resist expanding Medicaid, family leave, medical leave, and sex education in public schools.[9] According to Megan Donovan, a senior policy manager at the Guttmacher Institute, states have legislation seeking to protect a woman's right to access abortion services have the lowest rates of infant mortality in the United States.[9]

History

Legislative history

In 1849, the state legislature passed a law that criminalized abortion, making it a felony for a doctor to perform an abortion on a woman, no matter the circumstances of her pregnancy.[10][11] In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens.[12]

By 1950, the state legislature would pass a law that stating that a woman who had an abortion or actively sought to have an abortion, regardless of whether she went through with it, was guilty of a criminal offense.[12]

The state was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement.[13] Georgia and Wisconsin were 2 of the only 22 states with written informed consent materials referring women to  "crisis pregnancy centers" which acknowledged these centers did not support or provide women with abortion related services.[14]

In 2013, state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication induced abortions in addition to abortion clinics.[15]

Following the passage of a 2013 Wisconsin law requiring abortion providers to have admitting privileges at a nearby hospital, three Catholic hospital systems in the state intended to deny admitting privileges to abortion providers. Wisconsin's attorney general said this intent violated the Church Amendment of 1973, which prohibits hospitals receiving federal funds from discriminating against a doctor on the basis of whether the doctor provides abortions.[16]

Five bills have sought to outlaw abortion in Wisconsin in 2019.[10] In mid-May 2019, state law banned abortion after week 22.[17] In 2019, Governor Tony Evers vetoed a Republican passed bill that would have limited abortion access.[18] He also vetoed a bill that would sentence doctors to life in prison for failing to provide infants with medical care if they are born alive during a botched abortion attempt.[10] In 2019, the state had a legal 24 hour waiting period before a woman could get an abortion.[10]

Judicial history

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[12] It effectively made the state's 1849 ban unenforceable.[10]

In 2015, the 7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a decision to strike down the admitting privileges requirement of Act 37, passed in 2013.[19] Admitting privileges require physicians providing abortion to obtain the right to admit patients at local hospitals - although, federal law dictates that no hospital can deny a patient admittance. Wisconsin already had a transfer agreement requirement established, which mandates that all facilities where abortion is performed to have an agreement with a local hospital for the transfer of patients. Most in public health and clinical practice understand admitting privilege requirements - adopted by nine states, including Wisconsin - to be nonessential, and not grounded in evidence-based practice.[20][21] Further, as argued during the court proceedings, the law would lead to diminished access to abortion within the state, particularly as the law was to go into effect two days after its passage.

After a District Court ordered an immediate temporary injunction, the 7th U.S. Circuit Court granted a hearing of the case. The state's primary argument in defense of the admitting privileges requirement centers on women's health. Specifically, if complications arise, this requirement presumes a continuity of care for the patient.[22] The court's ruling, however, determined that the remarkably low rates of complications associated with abortion, and the state's failure to impose similar requirements on physicians providing riskier procedures rendered these claims moot.[23] Following the 7th U.S. Circuit Court's ruling, the state of Wisconsin petitioned the Supreme Court for review of the case; the Supreme Court chose not to hear the case, leaving the 7th Circuit Court's ruling in place.[24][25]

Clinic history
Number of abortion clinics in Wisconsin by year.
See also: Abortion clinic

Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state declined by 13, going from 29 in 1982 to 16 in 1992.[26] In 2013, Affiliated Medical Services was located in Milwaukee at 1428 N. Farwell Ave. Women going to the clinic often had to be accompanied as there were protesters outside.[27] In 2014, there were 4 abortion clinics in the state.[28] In 2014, 96% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 67% of women in the state aged 15 – 44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[29] In March 2016, there were 22 Planned Parenthood clinics in the state.[30] In 2017, there were 21 Planned Parenthood clinics in a state with a population of 1,270,774 women aged 15 – 49 of which 2 offered abortion services.[31]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, there were zero recorded illegal abortion deaths in the state.[32] In 1990, there were 577,000 women in the state at risk of an unintended pregnancy.[26] In 2001, Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin did not provide any residence related data regarding abortions performed in the state to the Centers for Disease Control.[33] In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were  abortions 570, 200 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 90 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 80 abortions for women of all other races.[34] In 2014, 53% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.[35] In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 6.4 deaths per 1,000 live births.[9]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996[36]
Census division and stateNumberRate% change 1992–1996
199219951996199219951996
East North Central204,810185,800190,05020.718.919.3–7
Illinois68,42068,16069,39025.425.626.13
Indiana15,84014,03014,8501210.611.2–7
Michigan55,58049,37048,78025.222.622.3–11
Ohio49,52040,94042,87019.516.217–13
Wisconsin15,45013,30014,16013.611.612.3–9
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
LocationResidenceOccurrence% obtained by

out-of-state residents

 YearRef
No.RateRatioNo.RateRatio
Wisconsin7,0146.51045,8005.3862.82014[37]
Wisconsin6,7316.21005,6605.2843.52015[38]
Wisconsin 6,633 6.1 100 5,612 5.2 84 2.5 2016 [39]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Abortion rights views and activities
Protesters pose with their signs moments before kick off of the Madison WI rally for the Women's March on January 21, 2017.

Organizations

Wisconsin Alliance for Reproductive Health is an organization that supports abortion rights.[10] In May 2019, they were active in trying to overturn Wisconsin's 1849 era abortion ban.[10]

Views

Wisconsin Alliance for Reproductive Health Executive Director Sara Finger said, "Wisconsin is not recognized as having some of the harshest abortion laws, but we're right up there with Texas and some others who do have that reputation."[10]

Activities

On January 27, 2013, Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin marked the 40th anniversary of Roe v. Wade with an event titled  “Our Lives. Our Stories. Our Celebration” at the Majestic Theater in Madison.[27]

In May 2019, women from the state participated in the #YouKnowMe movement. Jeanne Myers, from Wisconsin, was one such woman sharing their stories. She said "I didn't know what I would do with a baby. [...] I was horrified. [...]I had no job. I would have been in no financial position to care for a kid. [...] cried through the whole procedure. [...] I had guilt probably for a year. But you know what? I don't regret it. Because if I hadn't had that procedure when I was young, I would not be where I am today."[40]

Protests

Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.[41]

Anti-abortion rights view and activities

Activism

Much of the anti-abortion movement in the United States and around the world finds support in the Roman Catholic Church, the Christian right, the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, the Church of England, the Anglican Church in North America, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS).[42][43][44][45]

Specifically, organizations such as Pro-Life Wisconsin, Wisconsin Right to Life, and the Wisconsin Catholic Conference are actively working to limit or restrict access to abortion access within the state of Wisconsin.[46][47][48] They all engage in outreach and education campaigns directed towards the general public, fundraising activities, and resources to churches and Pastors for use in their own ministry.[49][50] Further, each organization engages in policy and legal efforts to limit access to abortion, whether it is through testimonials before the state legislature on bills related to abortion, or assistance in court cases that challenge existing abortion restrictions.[51][52][53]

Protests

Protesters were regularly outside Affiliated Medical Services in 2013. They had also bought a large Clearchannel billboard across the street the clinic. Protesters would often scream, "Abortion is murder!". They would also photograph people coming into and leaving the clinic.[27]

Violence

On April 1, 2012, a bomb exploded on the windowsill of a Planned Parenthood clinic in Grand Chute, Wisconsin, resulting in a fire that caused minimal damage.[54]

Footnotes
  1. According to the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade:
    (a) For the stage prior to approximately the end of the first trimester, the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgement of the pregnant woman's attending physician. (b) For the stage subsequent to approximately the end of the first trimester, the State, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may, if it chooses, regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. (c) For the stage subsequent to viability, the State in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgement, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother.
    Likewise, Black's Law Dictionary defines abortion as "knowing destruction" or "intentional expulsion or removal".

References
  1. Watson, Katie (20 Dec 2019). "Why We Should Stop Using the Term "Elective Abortion"". AMA Journal of Ethics. 20: E1175-1180. doi:10.1001/amajethics.2018.1175. PMID 30585581. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  2. Chamberlain, Pam; Hardisty, Jean (2007). "The Importance of the Political 'Framing' of Abortion". The Public Eye Magazine. 14 (1).
  3. "The Roberts Court Takes on Abortion". New York Times. November 5, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
  4. Brennan 'Dehumanizing the vulnerable' 2000
  5. Getek, Kathryn; Cunningham, Mark (February 1996). "A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing – Language and the Abortion Debate". Princeton Progressive Review.
  6. "Example of "anti-life" terminology" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
  7. Goldstein, Norm, ed. The Associated Press Stylebook. Philadelphia: Basic Books, 2007.
  8. Castillo, Stephanie (2014-10-03). "States With More Abortion Restrictions Hurt Women's Health, Increase Risk For Maternal Death". Medical Daily. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  9. "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  10. "170-Year-Old Wisconsin Abortion Ban Still On The Books". Wisconsin Public Radio. 2019-05-01. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  11. https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/misc/lrb/legislative_reports/lrb_legislative_report_15_2.pdf
  12. Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66: 1774–1831.
  13. "STATE POLICY ON INFORMED CONSENT FOR ABORTION" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  14. "State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent". Guttmacher Institute. 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  15. "TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price". Guttmacher Institute. 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  16. Ahmed, Akbar (August 7, 2013). "Hospitals can't deny admitting privileges to abortion doctors, AG says". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  17. Tavernise, Sabrina (2019-05-15). "'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  18. "A building reveal, kitten adoption, Gov. Tony Evers on abortion bills: Stories you loved". Post-Crescent Media. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  19. "Wisconsin Legislature: 2013 Wisconsin Act 37". docs.legis.wisconsin.gov. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  20. June Medical Services v. Gee (2017), Brief of Amici Curiae, In the United States Supreme Court, https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/18/18-1323/124112/20191202155124757_Brief%20with%20Appendix.pdf
  21. "Increasing Access to Abortion". www.acog.org. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  22. "Symposium: The "intensely factual" question of physicians' admitting privileges". SCOTUSblog. 2019-03-08. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  23. Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin v. Schimel (2015), No. 15 – 1736, United States Court of Appeals – Seventh Circuit.
  24. Johnson, Shawn (2016-06-28). "Supreme Court Rejects Wisconsin's Abortion Law Appeal". Wisconsin Public Radio. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  25. "Wisconsin Asks Supreme Court to Consider Abortion Case". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  26. Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9780788174810.
  27. Weisberg, Louis. "Abortion – the untold stories". Wisconsin Gazette. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  28. Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  29. businessinsider (2018-08-04). "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  30. Bohatch, Emily. "27 states with the most Planned Parenthood clinics". thestate. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  31. "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood". Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  32. Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR 2133995. PMID 1269687.
  33. "Abortion Surveillance --- United States, 2001". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  34. "No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group". Guttmacher Data Center. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  35. "Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics | Pew Research Center". Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  36. "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Guttmacher Institute. 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  37. Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMID 29166366.
  38. Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 1–45. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 30462632.
  39. Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1. ISSN 1546-0738.
  40. "Text-Only NPR.org : Abortion Limits Carry Economic Cost For Women". text.npr.org. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  41. Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA TODAY. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  42. Ferguson, Susan J (1999). Mapping the Social Landscape. ISBN 9780767406161. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  43. Sex, Politics, and Religion: The Clash Between Poland and the European Union over Abortion by Alicia Czerwinski in the Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 2003
  44. "Официальный сайт Русской Православной Церкви". Mospat.ru. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
  45. True to the Faith (LDS) article on abortion. Retrieved 2006-05-06.
  46. "Pro-Life Wisconsin". Pro-Life Wisconsin. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  47. "Wisconsin Right to Life – Life is a Human Right". Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  48. wiscatholics. "Home". Wisconsin Catholic Conference. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  49. "Church and Pastor Resources – Wisconsin Right to Life". Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  50. wiscatholics. "About Us". Wisconsin Catholic Conference. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  51. "Accomplishments – Wisconsin Right to Life". Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  52. "Legislate". Pro-Life Wisconsin. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  53. wiscatholics. "Catholics at the Capitol". Wisconsin Catholic Conference. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  54. Flock, Elizabeth (April 2, 2012). "Planned Parenthood clinic in Wisconsin fire-bombed; officials say damage was minimal". Washington Post. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.