Zinc pyrithione

Zinc pyrithione (or pyrithione zinc) is a coordination complex of zinc. It has fungistatic (that is, it inhibits the division of fungal cells) and bacteriostatic (inhibits bacterial cell division) properties and is used in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis.[2]

Zinc pyrithione
Names
IUPAC name
bis(2-pyridylthio)zinc 1,1'-dioxide
Other names
ZnP, Pyrithione Zinc, Zinc OMADINE, ZnPT
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.033.324
UNII
Properties
C10H8N2O2S2Zn
Molar mass 317.70 g/mol
Appearance colourless solid
Melting point 240 °C (464 °F; 513 K) (decomposition)[1]
Boiling point decomposes
8 ppm (pH 7)
Pharmacology
D11AX12 (WHO)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Structure of the compound

The pyrithione ligands, which are formally monoanions, are chelated to Zn2+ via oxygen and sulfur centers. In the crystalline state, zinc pyrithione exists as a centrosymmetric dimer (see figure), where each zinc is bonded to two sulfur and three oxygen centers.[3] In solution, however, the dimers dissociate via scission of one Zn-O bond.

This compound was first described in the 1930s.[4]

Pyrithione is the conjugate base derived from 2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide (CAS# 1121-31-9), a derivative of pyridine-N-oxide.

Uses

Medical

Zinc pyrithione is best known for its use in treating dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis,[5] particularly in dandruff shampoos. It also has antibacterial properties and is effective against many pathogens from the Streptococcus and Staphylococcus genera. Its other medical applications include treatments of psoriasis, eczema, ringworm, fungus, athletes foot, dry skin, atopic dermatitis, tinea, and vitiligo.

In paint

Due to its low solubility in water (8 ppm at neutral pH), zinc pyrithione is suitable for use in outdoor paints and other products that provide protection against mildew and algae. It is an effective algaecide. It is chemically incompatible with paints relying on metal carboxylate curing agents. When used in latex paints with water containing high amount of iron, a sequestering agent that will preferentially bind the iron ions is needed. Its decomposition by ultraviolet light is slow, providing years of protection even against direct sunlight.

In sponges

Zinc pyrithione is also used as an antibacterial treatment for household sponges, most notably by the 3M Corporation.[6]

In clothing

A process to apply zinc pyrithione to cotton with washable results was patented in the United States in 1984.[7] Zinc pyrithione is now used to prevent microbe growth in polyester.[8] Textiles with applied zinc pyrithione protect against odor-causing microorganisms. Export of antimicrobial textiles reached US$497.4 million in 2015.[9]

Mechanism of action

Its antifungal effect is thought to derive from its ability to disrupt membrane transport by blocking the proton pump that energizes the transport mechanism.[10]

Health effects

Zinc pyrithione is approved for over-the-counter topical use in the United States as a treatment for dandruff and is the active ingredient in several antidandruff shampoos. In its industrial forms and strengths, it may be harmful by contact or ingestion. Zinc pyrithione can trigger a variety of responses, such as DNA damage in skin cells.[11]

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See also

References
  1. Thieme Chemistry (Hrsg.): Römpp Online. Version 3.1. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2007.
  2. Brayfield, A, ed. (23 September 2011). "Pyrithione Zinc". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  3. Barnett, B. L.; Kretschmar, H. C.; Hartman, F. A. (1977). "Structural characterization of bis(N-oxopyridine-2-thionato)zinc(II)". Inorg. Chem. 16 (8): 1834–8. doi:10.1021/ic50174a002.
  4. "astate.edu". Archived from the original on 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
  5. Faergemann, J. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology (2000). "Management of Seborrheic Dermatitis and Pityriasis Versicolor". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 1 (2): 75–80. doi:10.2165/00128071-200001020-00001. ISSN 1175-0561. PMID 11702314.
  6. Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition to Establish
  7. US US4443222A, Morris; Cletus E. & Welch; Clark M., issued 17 April 1984, assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture
  8. "Zptech, Zinc Antimicrobrial Protection For Textiles". Microban. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  9. Jain, Anil Kumar; Tesema, Addisu Ferede. "Development of antimicrobial textiles using zinc pyrithione". ResearchGate. ResearchGate GmbH. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  10. Chandler CJ, Segel IH (1978). "Mechanism of the Antimicrobial Action of Pyrithione: Effects on Membrane Transport, ATP Levels, and Protein Synthesis". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 14 (1): 60–8. doi:10.1128/aac.14.1.60. PMC 352405. PMID 28693.
  11. Leading references: Lamore SD, Cabello CM, Wondrak GT (May 2010). "The topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione is a heat shock response inducer that causes DNA damage and PARP-dependent energy crisis in cultured human skin cells". Cell Stress Chaperones. 15 (3): 309–22. doi:10.1007/s12192-009-0145-6. PMC 2866994. PMID 19809895.
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