Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah

Zaib-un-Nissa (Bengali: জেবুন্নেসা হামিদুল্লাহ; transliterated Zeb-un-Nissa, Zaibunnissa, Zaibun Nisa, Zaibunisa, Zaib-un-Nisa, Zebunnissa, Zeb-un-Nisa) Hamidullah (Urdu: زیب النساء حمیداللہ‎; 25 December 1918 – 10 September 2000) was a Pakistani writer and journalist. She was a pioneer of Pakistani literature and journalism in English, and also a pioneer of feminism in Pakistan. She was Pakistan's first female columnist (in English), editor, publisher and political commentator. Zaibunnisa Street in Karachi was named after her.[1][2]

Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah
জেবুন্নেসা হামিদুল্লাহ
Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah, circa 1970
Born(1918-12-25)25 December 1918[1]
Calcutta, British India (now Kolkata, India)
Died10 September 2000(2000-09-10) (aged 81)[1]
Karachi, Pakistan
OccupationWriter, journalist, publisher
Spouse(s)K. M. Hamidullah[1]

Before independence in 1947, she wrote for many Indian newspapers, and was the first Muslim woman to write a column in an Indian newspaper. After independence, her column in the newspaper Dawn made her the first female political commentator in Pakistan. After she left Dawn, she became the founder and editor-publisher of the Mirror, the first social glossy magazine in Pakistan.[1] Due to her status as Pakistan's first female editor, she became the first woman to be included in press delegations sent to other countries. On one of these delegations, in 1955, she became the first woman to speak at the ancient al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt.[3]

Early life

Zeb-un-Nissa Ali was born in 1921 to a literary family in Calcutta. Her father, S. Wajid Ali, was the first person to translate the writings of the well-known Urdu poet Muhammad Iqbal into Bengali, and was an avid Bengali and Indian nationalist and writer. She had two brothers, and one half-brother from her mother's second marriage. She grew up in a tightly-knit Anglo-Indian household filled with Bengali thinkers and philosophers of the age, as her father's house at 48, Jhowtalla Road, was something of a meeting place for the Calcutta literary circle. She started to write at an early age, and received considerable support from both her English mother and Bengali father. A lonely child, Zeb-un-Nissa took to writing poetry as a means to express her thoughts and emotions. Her later writing was affected by her trips to rural areas of Bengal and the Punjab, including her father's birthplace, the Bengali village of Tajpur. She was educated at the Loreto House Convent.

Marriage
Zeb-un-Nissa Hamidullah, just after her marriage.

In 1940, she married Khalifa Muhammad Hamidullah. Unlike most marriages of the time, hers was not an arranged marriage. She moved with him to the Punjab, Pakistan after their marriage. He worked there as an executive for the Bata shoe company. During independence in 1947, she and her husband helped refugees coming across the border from India.

Her husband, belonged to a well-known Punjabi family. His father, Khalifa Mohammad Asadullah, was the librarian of the Imperial Library in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Hamidullah was the head of Bata's operations in Pakistan, and was sent to head Bata in Ireland in 1972.[1]

All of her books were dedicated to him, proof of their devotion to one another. They had two children: Nilofar (b. 1943) and Yasmine (b. 1949).

After moving to the Punjab in 1942, Begum Hamidullah was shocked. Raised in an Anglo-Indian household, she found it hard to adjust to the very different lifestyle of her husband's large Punjabi family. It took time for her to adjust, as she admitted in the foreword to The Young Wife.

Career

1936–1943

Begum Hamidullah first came into prominence in 1936, when a poem of hers was accepted for publication by Bombay's Illustrated Weekly of India.[1] From then on, she was a regular contributor to that newspaper, until independence in 1947. In 1943, her first book of poetry, Indian Bouquet, was published by her father's publishing house and proved to be very popular. All copies of the first edition were sold in three months. She followed up on her early success with Lotus Leaves, another book of poetry.

1944–1946

In 1945, Begum Hamidullah and her husband were in Simla at the time of the Simla Conference. It was here that she met Fatima Jinnah. They became friends, and Jinnah soon managed to get her an exclusive interview with her brother, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. This was a landmark in the young Begum Hamidullah's career, and it brought her India-wide fame. Her stories, poems and articles also began to bring her more fame around this time.

1947–1951

After independence in 1947, Begum Hamidullah decided to work in the field of journalism, and soon established herself as an outspoken writer in her column "Thru a Woman's Eyes", in the Karachi daily newspaper Dawn.[3] This column began in December 1947. After some time, she rebelled against the limited scope of the feature, declaring that women should have the right to comment on every subject, including politics. Altaf Husain, then editor of Dawn, eventually agreed to give her a wider scope. He recognised the merit of her work by giving her a new assignment – that of a columnist appearing on the editorial page. Begum Hamidullah became the first female political commentator of Pakistan. Her column established her reputation as an honest columnist who was not afraid to voice her opinions. It was also a huge step for the women's rights movement in Pakistan.[1]

1951–1956

In 1951, she left Dawn, after editor Altaf Husain demanded that she focus her writing on "issues relating to women," an apparent reference to an earlier message in which he suggested she write about "cooking, child-rearing, and other matters of feminine concern." Hamidullah founded a monthly magazine called the Mirror, and became its editor and publisher in 1952.[1] She became a businesswoman as well as the first female editor and publisher in the nation. Her glossy social pictorial, with its courageous and sincere editorials, was an instant success.[1]

The Mirror became very popular, and Begum Hamidullah soon became quite famous as a journalist and editor. The Pakistani government included her in numerous press delegations during this period.

She was one of the founding members of the Pakistani Working Women's Association, as well as a close friend of Fatima Jinnah, sister of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, and Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan, wife of Pakistan's first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan. Some of her other close friends were: Hakim Said, Salima Ahmed, Ardeshir Cowasjee, Syed Hashim Raza, Shaista Ikramullah, and Jahanara Habibullah.

She was a founder member of the Karachi branch of Business and Professional Women's Foundation, and served as its first chapter-president. She held this position for two consecutive terms. She was also the first president of the Women's International Club of Karachi, a member of the Horticultural Society, and first woman-president of the Flower Show Committee. Another organisation Hamidullah played an important role in was the All Pakistan Women's Association, founded by her friend Begum Raana Liaquat Ali Khan.[1]

In 1955, as part of a press delegation to Cairo, she became the first woman to speak at the ancient Al-Azhar University. Her speech was controversial, as she discussed Pakistan's Kashmir issue. However, it was a great distinction for her.[3]

In 1956, Begum Hamidullah wrote a travelogue entitled Sixty Days in America, about her trip to the US as part of a World Leaders Program, during which she befriended people like Marilyn Monroe and Jean Negulesco, and appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show. This travelogue consisted of columns she had written for a newspaper, The Times of Karachi, during her trip. The editor, ZA Suleri, gave her permission to reprint the columns in book form as a travelogue which she did.

The following year, she represented Pakistan at the United Nations sponsored seminar on Civic Responsibilities and Increased Participation of Asian Women in Public Life.

Ban on the Mirror

In 1957, her outspoken criticism of the harsh regime of Major-General Iskander Mirza, and the forced resignation of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, culminated in a six-month government ban on the Mirror, issued on 9 November. This ban, she was privately informed, would be withdrawn if she publicly apologised. She refused to do this and, on the advice of the well-known lawyer A.K. Brohi, appealed to the Supreme Court of Pakistan.[1]

After Brohi's intervention on her behalf, the Supreme Court passed judgement in her favour. Holding the order of the Central Government illegal and unconstitutional, the government awarded her the costs of petition to Begum Hamidullah. This incident made journalistic history, and gave her the distinction of being the first woman journalist to have won a case in the Supreme Court.[1]

1958–1961

In 1958, she published an anthology of her short stories, The Young Wife and Other Stories, which was so popular that second and third editions were printed in 1971 and 1987 respectively. Eminent critics, from newspapers and periodicals both Pakistani and foreign, called some of the stories in it "...the most significant literary productions of Pakistan". It was during this period that her editorials started to become a major feature of the Mirror, and this increased the popularity of both her and her magazine.

In April 1961, Begum Hamidullah opened her own publishing house: Mirror Press. Mirror Press, and its subsidiary, Mirror Publications, were charged with printing the Mirror from 1961 onwards. They also did other jobs, but the publishing house remained small.

The 1960s

The Mirror became a highly controversial magazine in the '60s, mainly due to Begum Hamidullah's editorials, which were highly critical of the government's authoritarian form of rule. As her magazine became and more and more risqué, Begum Hamidullah began to feel that she and her family could soon be in danger. Highly critical of Ayub Khan and his government, Begum Hamidullah dropped out of governmental favour. As such, the Mirror lost government advertisements and patronage.[3]

During this period, she wrote a series of very critical editorials about Ayub Khan's style of government, starting with "Please, Mr. President!", a very emotional open letter in which she pleaded with him to stop ordering the police to harm students taking part in demonstrations. After Khan replied to the first editorial with a letter in which he dismissed Begum Hamidullah as "rashly emotional", the tension steadily increased. The Mirror came close to being banned many times, and was actually banned twice. However, this period of her career came to a climax in the February 1969 edition of the Mirror, in which she published both "Please Mr. President!" and a new editorial, "No, thank you, Sir!". She claimed that the situation had not improved and that "Pakistanis from Peshawar to Chittagong are crying 'out with Ayub!'".

Ayub Khan soon abdicated, ironically doing exactly what she had advised him to do. However, she continued to write critical editorials whenever she felt the government was in need of a rebuke.

1969–1971

Begum Hamidullah was Deputy Leader of the Pakistani delegation to the United Nations General Assembly from 1970 to 1971. In 1971, after civil unrest and the subsequent independence of Bangladesh, Begum Hamidullah sent a telegram congratulating the new government but chose to remain in Pakistan.

In 1971, Begum Hamidullah's husband was transferred to Ireland, to head Bata operations there. As neither of her two daughters was willing to take over the magazine, she closed it down, and sold off her publishing house, Mirror Press.[3]

1971–1979

For most of the 1970s, she and her husband lived in Dublin, Ireland, where he had been transferred. Zaib-un-Nissa put her career on hold to be with her husband, and visited Pakistan regularly. She returned near the end of the decade and began writing a column entitled "Thinking Aloud" for the Pakistani magazine MAG, part of the large Jang Group.

1980–1983

In the early 1980s, she served as president of the All Pakistan Women's Association (APWA), an organisation she had played a major role in since its inception. Still writing columns for the Morning News of Karachi, she continued to comment on the socio-political aspects of Pakistani society. However, she was becoming increasingly reclusive.

Retirement

In 1983, Begum Hamidullah husband had a heart attack, and he died the next year. On the day of his funeral, she wrote what was to become the most famous article of her later career. This introspective piece was published in the Morning News the day after her husband's death.

She was plunged into sadness following her husband's death, and soon retired from an active writing life. Disenchanted with the new generation of Pakistanis, Begum Hamidullah fell into seclusion and soon moved in with her daughter, choosing to spend her remaining years with her family. She retired from an active career, and only wrote occasional articles during the 1980s.

In 1987, however, she was plunged into the public eye once again, when her book of short stories, The Young Wife and Other Stories, was republished due to popular demand. Yet this late fame did not last very long, and she soon went back into seclusion.

Death

Begum Hamidullah died on 10 September 2000, at the age of 81. She had been rushed to the hospital on the 9th, but died in the early hours of the 10th, due to water in her lungs.

An obituary in Dawn newspaper said "even her detractors admired her for the courage of conviction and the strength of character she displayed throughout her life." Another newspaper obituary said "She will be long remembered for her pioneering role in a certain genre of journalism in Pakistan, and as a powerful and courageous writer."[1]

In the 1960s, the government named a major street in the Karachi city centre after her: Zaibunnisa Street.[4]

Legacy

After Begum Hamidullah's death, her copyright passed to her younger daughter, Yasmine S. Ahmed. This included the right to all her pictures, works, etc. Due to popular demand, a fourth edition of The Young Wife and Other Stories was published by Oxford University Press, Pakistan in August 2008.

Zaib-un-Nissa or Zeb-un-Nissa?

There has been much confusion about the correct spelling of Begum Hamidullah's name. She was originally named Zeb-un-Nissa after the Mughal Princess Zeb-un-Nissa, and kept this spelling of her name throughout most of her life. However, there was much confusion, as, due to the pronunciation, most people thought her name was spelt Zaib-un-Nissa. In 1970, when the government named Zaibunnisa Street in her honour, she changed the spelling of her name permanently to Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah. This has become the more common and accepted spelling of her name, and is the spelling most widely used today. However, most readers of the Mirror still remember her as Zeb-un-Nissa Hamidullah, as that was how she was credited in the magazine. In latter anthologies, like A Dragonfly in the Sun by Muneeza Shamsie, she was credited as Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah.

Even though the first part of her name is now accepted as 'Zaib', there is still some confusion, with various transliterations popping up. Zaibunnisa, Zaibunnissa, Zaibunissa and Zaibunisa are the most common errors.

Bibliography
  • Indian Bouquet, 1941 – Gulistan Publishing House, Calcutta.
  • Lotus Leaves, 1946 – The Lion Press, Lahore.
  • Sixty Days in America, 1956 (2nd edition: 1957) – Mirror Publications, Karachi.
  • The Young Wife, 1958 (2nd edition: 1971; 3rd edition: 1987; 4th edition: 2008, by Oxford University Press) – Mirror Publications, Karachi.
  • The Flute of Memory, 1964 – Mirror Publications, Karachi.
  • Poems, 1972 – Mirror Publications, Karachi.
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See also

References
  1. M.H. Askari (12 September 2000). "Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah passes away". Pakistan: Dawn. Archived from the original on 25 February 2002. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  2. Naziha Syed Ali (16 December 2017). "A sisterhood with nerves of steel". Pakistan: Dawn. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  3. "Begum Zaibunnissa Hamidullah". Dawn. Archived from the original on 1 December 2004. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  4. This week 50 years ago: Parking on Elphinstone Street made punishable Dawn (newspaper), Updated 18 January 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2018
  • Niazi, Zamir (1986). The Press in Chains. Karachi: Royal Book Company.
  • Rahman, Tariq (1991). A History of Pakistani Literature in English. Lahore: Vanguard.
  • Ispahani, Akhtar (1 August 1997). "Through The Looking-Glass". Newsline. pp. 141–144.
  • Noorani, Asif (21 May 1997). "Zaib-un-Nisa Hamidullah: Mirror to the past". The Review. Dawn Group. pp. 20–22.
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