Avangard (hypersonic glide vehicle)

The Avangard (Russian: Авангард; English: Vanguard; previously known as Objekt 4202, Yu-71 and Yu-74) is a Russian hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) that can be carried as a MIRV payload by the UR-100UTTKh,[8][9] R-36M2 and RS-28 Sarmat heavy ICBMs. It can deliver both nuclear and conventional payloads.[10][11][12][13]

Avangard
The UR-100UTTKh ICBM launched from the Dombarovsky Air Base
TypeHypersonic glide vehicle
Place of originRussian Federation
Service history
In service27 December 2019[1]
Used byRussian Strategic Missile Troops
Production history
DesignerMoscow Institute of Thermal Technology
ManufacturerVotkinsk Machine Building Plant
Produced2018-present[2]
Specifications
Mass~2 tonnes (4,400 lb)[3]
Length5.4 m[4]
Blast yield0.8 - 2 Mt[5]
Maximum speed Mach 20-27[6][7]
Launch
platform
ICBM

The Avangard is one of the six new Russian strategic weapons unveiled by Russian President Vladimir Putin on 1 March 2018.[12]

"Hypersonic glide vehicles are distinguished from traditional ballistic missiles by their ability to maneuver and operate at lower altitudes."[14] The combination of maneuverability and high speed poses significant challenges for conventional missile defense. With the advantage again swinging toward attack, the defense industry is concerned that weapons of this type will reignite the kind of arms race that dominated the cold war era.[15]

History

The Avangard (then called Yu-71 and Yu-74) was reportedly flight tested between February 2015 and June 2016 on board UR-100UTTKh ICBMs launched from Dombarovsky Air Base, Orenburg Oblast, when it reached a speed of 11,200 kilometres per hour (7,000 mph; 3,100 m/s) and successfully hit targets at the Kura Missile Test Range, Kamchatka Krai.[16][17]

In October 2016, another flight test was carried out using a R-36M2 heavy ICBM launched from Dombarovsky Air Base, successfully hitting a target at the Kura Missile Test Range. This was reportedly the first fully successful test of the glide vehicle.[18][19]

On 1 March 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin in his presidential address to the Federal Assembly in Moscow announced that testing of the weapon is now complete and that it has entered serial production.[20][21][22][23][12] This was further confirmed by the commander of Russian Strategic Missile Forces, Colonel General Sergei Karakayev.[24][25]

The latest flight test occurred on 26 December 2018. Avangard, carried by a UR-100UTTKh ICBM launched from Dombarovsky Air Base, successfully hit a target at the Kura Missile Test Range.[26] The Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Yury Borisov stated a day later that the glider flew at 27 times the speed of sound, "invulnerable to interception".[26][7]

According to Russian Defense Ministry's press service/TASS, the Avangard missile system with the hypersonic glide-vehicle was demonstrated to the US inspection group in accordance with the New START treaty procedures on November 24–26, 2019.[27]

On 27 December 2019, the first missile regiment armed with the Avangard HGV officially entered combat duty.[1]

Design

According to open-source analysis by Jane's, Avangard is a pure glide vehicle without an independent propulsion system.[28] When approaching a target, the glider is capable of sharp high speed horizontal and vertical evasive maneuvers in flight, which Russian officials claim makes it "invulnerable to any missile defence system".[29][30][31][32][33] Arms control expert Jeffrey Lewis of the Institute of International Studies expressed scepticism towards Avangard's ability to evade missile defences, stating that "gliding results in slower speeds than traditional re-entry".[34][35] The blast yield of a nuclear warhead carried by the Avangard is reportedly more than 2 megatons TNT.[36]

Operators
 Russia

The Strategic Missile Troops are the only operator of the Avangard HGV. As of January 2020[37], 2 Avangard-equipped UR-100NUTTH are deployed with:

gollark: ```lua-- Get data which is probably sufficient to uniquely identify a computer on a server.function _G.get_host() return { label = os.getComputerLabel(), ID = os.getComputerID(), lua_version = _VERSION, CC_host = _HOST, build = _G.build_number, craftOS_version = os.version(), debug_available = _G.debug ~= nil, ingame_location = location, SPF_server = SPF.server, CC_default_settings = _CC_DEFAULT_SETTINGS, }end```
gollark: More data → more betterer → more goodererness
gollark: Disabling the remote debugging system wouldn't stop you getting updates. Those are automated. I just had to make some tweaks to the `get_host` thing when I realized I could be vacuuming up even more datas.
gollark: What?
gollark: @golalark?

See also

References
  1. "Первый ракетный полк "Авангарда" заступил на боевое дежурство". TASS (in Russian). 27 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  2. "В России запустили серийное производство гиперзвуковой ракеты «Авангард»". РБК.
  3. "Avangard". missilethreat.csis.org. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  4. "Шахты "Авангарда". Почему гиперзвуковые блоки решили ставить на Урале" (in Russian). 18 December 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  5. "Шахты "Авангарда". Почему гиперзвуковые блоки решили ставить на Урале" (in Russian). 18 December 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  6. Avangard, CSIS Missile Threat, https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/avangard/
  7. "Борисов: испытания комплекса "Авангард" доказали его способность разгоняться до 27 Махов". TASS (in Russian). 27 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  8. Majumdar, Dave. "We Now Know How Russia's New Avangard Hypersonic Boost-Glide Weapon Will Launch". The National Interest.
  9. "Russia to use SS-19 ICBMs as carriers for Avangard hypersonic glide vehicles — source".
  10. Trevithick, Joseph. "Here's The Six Super Weapons Putin Unveiled During Fiery Address". Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  11. "Russia's New Avangard Hypersonic Missile System To Enter Service By 2019". www.defenseworld.net. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  12. "Russia's Avangard Hypersonic Glider Warhead Enters Production". sputniknews.com. Sputnik. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  13. "Introducing 'Avangard' and 'Sarmat': Putin shows off new hypersonic, nuclear missiles". 1 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  14. Reif, Kingston; Bugos, Shannon (April 2020). "Pentagon Tests Hypersonic Glide Body". armscontrol.org. Arms Control Association. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  15. Smith, R. Jeffrey (19 June 2019). "Hypersonic Missiles Are Unstoppable. And They're Starting a New Global Arms Race". nytimes.com. New York Times. Retrieved 2 July 2020. Jack Reed ... told me it might make sense to question the weapons' global impact or talk with Russia about the risks they create, but the priority in Washington right now is to get our versions built.
  16. "Secret Russian Hypersonic Nuke Glider Can Pierce Any Missile Defense". Sputnik. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  17. "Russian Top Secret Hypersonic Glider Can Penetrate Any Missile Defense". Sputnik. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  18. "Эксперт об "изделии 4202": теперь США будут меньше бряцать оружием". Ria. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  19. "'Object 4202': New Russian Hypersonic Warhead to Be Coupled With Sarmat ICBM". Sputnik. 29 October 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  20. "Russia begins serial production of new cutting-edge glide vehicle". TASS.
  21. "Russia's Avangard strategic systems enter series production – source". TASS.
  22. "Russia's Defense Ministry signs production contract for Avangard hypersonic systems". TASS.
  23. "Russia's Avangard hypersonic missile system". TASS.
  24. "New missile Putin mentioned in annual address successfully tested — top brass". TASS.
  25. "ЦАМТО / Новости / Траектория полета ракеты "Авангард" проходит на высоте десятков километров". Armstrade.
  26. "Official reveals Avanguard's Hypersonic missile speed". Sputnik. 28 December 2018. Retrieved 28 Dec 2018.
  27. "Russia demonstrates Avangard hypersonic missile system to US". TASS. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  28. "Russia unveils new strategic delivery systems" (PDF). www.janes.com. Jane's Information Group. 2018.
  29. https://www.janes.com/article/85511/russia-announces-successful-flight-test-of-avangard-hypersonic-glide-vehicle
  30. "Юрий Борисов: испытания «Авангарда» подтвердили, что он может развить скорость в 27М". www.armstrade.org (in Russian). 27 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  31. "Putin boasts new strategic weapons will make US missile defense "useless"". Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  32. Macias, Amanda (26 December 2018). "The Kremlin says it conducted another successful test of a hypersonic weapon". www.cnbc.com.
  33. "Putin says Russia ready to deploy new hypersonic nuclear missile". NBC News.
  34. "Russia says it has deployed first hypersonic nuclear-capable missiles". Reuters. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  35. "Russia's new Avangard missile is a nuke-ready hypersonic glide weapon, the Kremlin says". ABC Online. 28 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  36. "Источник: первыми носителями гиперзвуковых блоков "Авангард" станут ракеты УР-100Н УТТХ". TASS (in Russian). 20 March 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  37. "Strategic Rocket Forces". russianforces.org. Retrieved 7 January 2020.

Further reading
  • Andrew Cockburn, "Like a Ball of Fire: Andrew Cockburn on hypersonic weaponry", London Review of Books, vol. 42, no. 5 (5 March 2020), pp. 31–32. "'Welcome to the world of strategic analysis, where we program weapons that don't work to meet threats that don't exist.' This was what Ivan Selin, a senior Pentagon official, used to tell subordinates in the Defence Department in the 1960s." (p. 31.) Cockburn recounts impracticable-weapons projects, including Russia's Avangard "hypersonic glide missile", Ronald Reagan's "Star Wars" project, the US's 1951 nuclear-powered-bomber project, and the US's 1950s Dyna-Soar "boost-glide"-weapon project suggested by Walter Dornberger, a favorite of Hitler's who had overseen the V2 rocket program. "[T]he US and Russia have both taken Selin's axiom a step further: they mean to deploy a weapon that doesn't work against a threat that doesn't exist that was in turn developed to counter an equally non-existent threat." (p. 32.)


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