Votkinsk Machine Building Plant
JSC Votkinsk Machine Building Plant (Russian: Воткинский завод) is a machine and ballistic missile production enterprise based in Votkinsk, Russia. Its production includes the RS-24 Yars intercontinental ballistic missile, Russia's most recent ICBM development, as well as the submarine-launched Bulava SLBM.
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| Joint-stock company | |
| Industry | Defense |
| Founded | 1759 |
| Headquarters | , Russia |
| Products | Ballistic missiles, Submarine-launched ballistic missiles |
Number of employees | 10,500 (2011)  |
| Parent | Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology[1] |
| Website | vzavod |
Incorporated as a Federal State Unitary Enterprise until 2010, it is now an open joint-stock company.
The company has two separate facilities: a final assembly plant located some 12 kilometers outside of Votkinsk where missiles are assembled, and the main plant, located in downtown Votkinsk, where missile components as well as civil and consumer goods are produced.[2]
History
The plant from its foundation until 1917
The construction of the plant was inspired by the depletion of forests near then existing mining enterprises in the Urals (mid-18th century). The delivery of firewood from immense distances increased the cost of iron industry. The displacement of ore processing to those areas, where forests remained untouched, was the only solution. For the same reason, another plant was built in this region (Izhevsk ironworks) between 1760 and 1763.
The area was chosen for the construction of Votkinsk ironworks owing to its vicinity to the major waterway (the Kama River that flows 15-20 kilometers from the present-day city of Votkinsk). The following considerations have also played a role in the choice: the presence of forests, which were the main source of fuel in this industry then, as well as geographical proximity to mining companies. Between 1754 and 1763, totally 42 private factories were built, which belonged to the gentry of the Russian Empire (including Count P.I. Shuvalov, Count M.E. Vorontsov).
In 1763, after Shuvalov's death (1762), Votkinsk and Izhevsk ironworks passed over to the state for repayment of Shuvalovs' debts, and have been state enterprises ever since.
Subsequently, in the 18th-20th centuries, the plant produced anchors, railway equipment, ships, excavators, gold mining drags, various weapons. For example, starting from 1773, the plant began to produce steel anchors for domestic military shipbuilding. according to the decree of Empress Catherine II. In the first half of the 19th century, the plant made for at least 62 percent of total anchor production in Russia.
Votkinsk ironworks was one of the most progressive at that time. Among the events of great importance for the development of global industry was the launch (in 1811) of cast steel production using a completely new method of Badaev, who was a self-taught talented metallurgist. This high-quality tool steel was used for the manufacturing of various tools (metal cutting, medical, stamps).
A valuable way to acknowledge the professional skills of the Votkinsk artisans was a production order issued in 1858 for manufacturing and assembly the spire's frame for the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
In 1871, the plant launched the output of open hearth furnaces. In this regard, the plant was the second in Russia and the first in the Urals.
Moreover, the plant produced armor steel for the needs of domestic military shipbuilding.
In the 1840s, under the supervision of Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky, the enterprise was reprofiled from purely metallurgical to machine-building.
In 1847, the production of ships was started, and since 1868 steam locomotive began to be produced.
It is particularly remarkable that the plant was situated on the shores of a small shallow river and wasn't connected to the country's railway network. That's why steamships and other vessels had to be manufactured prior to spring floods. For this purpose, a special dam was built on the enterprise territory for setting up a small-scale accumulative pond. In spring, melt waters filled the pond and flooded the shipyard area. This enabled new vessels to float to the surface. Then they opened dam gates and steamships could be run downstream the river Votka to the river Siwa, and from there to the Kama river. In total, the enterprise has built about 400 vessels of various types.
In the same way, during spring floods, steam locomotives were sent from the enterprise. They were placed on special barges running downstream the rivers Votka, Siva and Kama up to the nearest railway station.
This situation lasted until 1916, when the plant was connected to the country’s railway system. In total, the enterprise has manufactured 631 wide gage steam locomotives of different series.
At the end of the 19th century, due to construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the plant started the output of steelwork elements for railway bridges. In terms of overall length of built railway bridges, the Votkinsk plant had taken the first place in Russia by 1915.
Gradually, steam locomotive building came out on top, among the enterprise’s priority activities, accounting for about 40% of productive capacities.
From 1917 until 1957
During the Russian Civil War, the plant was repeatedly plundered by the all warring parties. As a result it essentially ceased to operate and was preserved in 1922.
On 9 September 1925, the plant was re-opened as a manufacturer of agricultural equipment.
From 1930 to 1937, the plant was administered by the All-union association of heavy industry and started to produce high-performance steam diggers and gold mining drags.
On 1 January 1938, the plant was handed over to the People's Commissariat of Defence Industry of the USSR and appeared to be an ordnance factory. On March 11, 1938, it was renamed to the plant № 235.
From the outset of the Great Patriotic War in 1941, the plant started to produce the 45 mm antitank cannon M1937 53-K, and in 1943 launched the manufacture of the 76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3).
In the early postwar period until 1957, the Votkinsk Machine Building Plant produced 100 mm air defense gun KS-19, 57 mm anti-tank gun M1943 (ZiS-2) and other military equipment, as well as deployed civilian production (traction engines for agriculture, narrow-gauge locomotives and tower cranes).
Missile production (from 1957 to the present time)
In 1957, by the resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the USSR and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the enterprise started to release ballistic missiles.
In 1958, the plant delivered the first short-range attack missiles 8A61 developed by the Design Bureau-1 with a liquid-fueled engine and with a range of 150 km, adopted in July 1955.
Also, the plant produced a nuclear modification of 8A61 called 8К11, and starting from 1960, its successor was released - the tactical missiles 8K14 developed by the Design Bureau-385 with a range of up to 300 km. This rocket was mass-produced for over 25 years and used by the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for more than 30 years.
In 1962, by resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the USSR and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Votkinsk Machine Building Plant started to master the production of more powerful tactical missiles 9M76, being a part of the mobile theatre ballistic missile TR-1 Temp. The first serial missiles were launched in 1966.
"TR-1 Temp" became a first missile system with a solid-fuelled piloted ballistic rocket adopted by the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Subsequently, however, those missiles were terminated in accordance to the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty between the USA and the USSR from 8 December 1987.
In 1974, the plant began to produce intercontinental missiles 15ZH42 for the mobile intercontinental ballistic missile complex SS-16 Sinner, in 1975 - the intermediate-range ballistic missiles 15ZH45 for the complex SS-20 Saber, in 1976 - the short-range attack missiles 9M714 for the complex OTR-23 Oka, and in 1989 - the tactical missiles 9M79-1 fot the complex OTR-21 Tochka.
In 1998, the plant launched the production of one of the most recent intercontinental ballistic missiles "RT-2PM2 Topol-M".
In 2006, the plant started mass production of the missiles "9K720 Iskander" (its NATO reporting name is SS-26 Stone).
Production
The company's products include R-11/SS-1B Scud-A and B SRBMs; RT-21M/SS-20 Saber and SS-23 Spider IRBMs; RT-21 (SS-16 Sinner), RT-2PM (SS-25 Sickle) and RT-2UTTH Topol-M (SS-27) ICBMs. It also manufactures oil and gas equipment, refrigeration equipment, metal-cutting equipment, castings, forgings, stampings and domestic electric appliances.[3]
Votkinsk was also responsible for the production of the Cold War era SS-20 intermediate-range ballistic missile and many other well-known designs by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology.
Missiles
- R-17 Elbrus
- RT-21M Pioneer
- RT-21 Temp 2S
- RT-2PM Topol
- RT-2UTTH Topol M
- RS-24
- RSM-56 Bulava
See also
References
- "Список аффилированных лиц". E-Disclosure.ru. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- "Russian Defense Business Directory". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
- "Votkinsk Votkinsk Plant State Production Association (Russian Federation)". Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems. 2008-11-04. Retrieved 2009-05-19.