Ye Jianying

Ye Jianying (simplified Chinese: 叶剑英; traditional Chinese: 葉劍英; 28 April 1897 – 22 October 1986) was a Chinese communist revolutionary leader and politician, one of the founding Ten Marshals of the People's Liberation Army. He was the top military leader in the 1976 coup that overthrew the Gang of Four and ended the Cultural Revolution, and was the key supporter of Deng Xiaoping in his power struggle with Hua Guofeng. After Deng ascended power, Ye served as China's head of state as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1978 to 1983.

This is a Chinese name; the family name is Ye.

Marshal Ye Jianying
叶剑英
3rd Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
In office 5 March 1978 – 18 June 1983
Premier	Hua Guofeng Zhao Ziyang
Leader	Hua Guofeng Deng Xiaoping
Preceded by	Soong Ching-ling (acting)
Succeeded by	Li Xiannian (as President)
5th First Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China
In office 7 October 1976 – 12 September 1982
Chairman	Hua Guofeng Hu Yaobang
Preceded by	Hua Guofeng
Succeeded by	Position abolished
Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China
In office 30 August 1973 – 12 September 1982
Chairman	Mao Zedong Hua Guofeng Hu Yaobang
3rd Minister of National Defense of the People's Republic of China
In office 17 January 1975 – 26 February 1978
Premier	Zhou Enlai Hua Guofeng
Preceded by	Marshal Lin Biao
Succeeded by	Marshal Xu Xiangqian
Member of the National People's Congress
In office 15 September 1954 – 6 June 1983
Constituency	Guangdong At-large (54-59) PLA At-large (59-83)
1st Mayor of Guangzhou
In office 1949–1952
Preceded by	Position Created
Succeeded by	He Wei
Personal details
Born	(1897-04-28)28 April 1897 Jiaying, Guangdong, Qing Empire
Died	22 October 1986(1986-10-22) (aged 89) Beijing, China
Political party	Communist Party of China
Alma mater	Whampoa Military Academy
Awards	Order of Victory of Resistance against Aggression (1945) Order of August the First (1st Class Medal) (1955) Order of Independence and Freedom (1st Class Medal) (1955) Order of Liberation (1st Class Medal) (1955) Details...
Military service
Nickname(s)	叶帅 (Marshal Ye) 花帅 ("Playboy Marshal")
Allegiance	Communist Party of China  People's Republic of China
Branch/service	People's Liberation Army Ground Force 18th Army Group, NRA Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 1st Army and 4th Army, National Revolutionary Army
Rank	Marshal of the People's Republic of China Lieutenant general of the National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China
Commands	Chief of Staff, 4th Army, NRA Chief of Staff, Red Army Chief of Staff, 18th Army Group, NRA Chief of Staff, CMC

Ye Jianying
Simplified Chinese	叶剑英
Traditional Chinese	葉劍英
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yè Jiànyīng Wade–Giles Yeh Chien-ying IPA [jê tɕjɛ̂n.íŋ] Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Yip Gim-ying
Birth name
Simplified Chinese	叶宜伟
Traditional Chinese	葉宜偉
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yè Yíwěi Wade–Giles Yeh I-wei Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Yip Ji-wai
Courtesy name
Simplified Chinese	沧白
Traditional Chinese	滄白
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Cāngbái Wade–Giles Ts'ang-pai Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Cong-baak

Life

Born Ye Yiwei (Chinese: 叶宜伟) into a wealthy Christian Hakka merchant family in Jiaying county (modern-day renamed as Meixian District), Guangdong, his courtesy name was Cangbai (滄白).

After graduation from the Yunnan Military Academy in 1919, he joined Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang (KMT). He taught at the Whampoa Military Academy, and in 1927 joined the Communist Party.

That year, he participated in the failed Nanchang Uprising and was forced to flee to Hong Kong with two other uprising leaders, Zhou Enlai and Ye Ting (no relation), with only a pair of handguns to share between them. Shortly after, he faithfully carried out his assigned duties during the Guangzhou Uprising, although he had been opposed to it; upon this uprising's failure he was once again obliged to flee to Hong Kong with Ye Ting and Nie Rongzhen. However, Ye was far more fortunate than Ye Ting, who was made a scapegoat for the Comintern's failures and forced into exile. Ye was not blamed, and subsequently studied military science in Moscow.

After returning to China in 1932 he joined the Jiangxi Soviet, serving as Chief of Staff of Zhang Guotao's Fourth Front Army. However, after Zhang's fighters met up with Mao Zedong's force during the Long March, the two leaders disagreed on the subsequent move of the Chinese Red Army. Zhang insisted on turning southward to establish a new base in the regions inhabited by Tibetan and Qiang minorities. (This later proved to be a disaster, as Mao had anticipated, with Zhang losing over 75% of his men and retreating to the Communist base at Shaanxi.) During the two leaders' disagreement, Ye – though he was Zhang's Chief of Staff – sided with Mao; and instead of supporting Zhang unconditionally as he had during the Guangzhou Uprising, Ye absconded to Mao's headquarters with Zhang's code books and maps. As a result, Zhang's communications with Comintern were cut, while Mao was able to establish a radio link, leading to Comintern's acceptance of Mao's leadership in the Communist Party of China. Mao would never forget Ye's contribution, observing later that "Ye Jianying saved the (Chinese Communist) Party, the (Chinese) Red Army, and the (Chinese) Revolution".

During the Long March, Ye assisted Liu Bocheng in directing the crossing of the Yangtze River at Anshunchang and Luding Bridge. After 1936, Ye became director of the offices that liaised with the KMT, first in Xi'an, then in Nanjing and finally in Chongqing. He worked together with Zhou Enlai in this capacity.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Ye was placed in charge of Guangdong, which was to cost him his political career under Mao's reign. Ye understood that the economic conditions in the province were very different from those in the rest of China, since most Cantonese landlords were peasants themselves who participated in production without exploiting their tenants. He therefore declined to dispossess the landlords, and instead protected their businesses and land. However, Ye's policies contradicted the general directives of the Party-mandated land reform, which emphasized class struggle. His policies deemed too soft, Ye and his local cadres were soon replaced by Lin Biao's, and a much harsher policy was implemented, with Ye's political career effectively over.

However, Mao did not forget what Ye had done for him during the Long March, and thus removed him only from political posts while preserving his military positions. As a result, until 1968, Ye remained active in various military functions, having been made a marshal in 1955. Ye was clever in using his military influence to provide limited support and protection for reformers like Zhao Ziyang, and he was responsible for interfering with assassination attempts on Deng Xiaoping during the Cultural Revolution.

After Lin Biao was overthrown and died in 1971, Ye's influence grew, and in 1975 he was appointed Defense Minister, taking Lin Biao's post. From 1973, he was also a Vice Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

He led the conspiracy of generals and Party elders that overthrew Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four; during initial planning at his residence, he and Li Xiannian communicated by writing, although they sat next to each other, because of the possibility of bugging.

Thanks to Ye's support of Chairman Hua Guofeng, he was confirmed as party vice-chairman at the Eleventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1977. Because the physical demands of Defense Minister were too great for the octogenarian Ye, he resigned from that position in 1978 and was appointed Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, filling a post left unoccupied since Zhu De's death in 1976. As such, Ye was China's ceremonial Head of State. Ye retired from this position in 1983 and in 1985 he withdrew completely from the Politburo. He died a little over a year later at the age of 89.

Personal life

Ye married six times and had six children. His sons include Ye Xuanping (1924–2019), Ye Xuanning (1938–2016), and Ye Xuanlian (叶选廉, born 1952). Ye's granddaughter Robynn Yip (born 1986), daughter of Xuanlian, is a professional musician based in Hong Kong.

Awards

 Republic of China

Order of Victory of Resistance against Aggression (1945)

 People's Republic of China

Order of August the First (1st Class Medal) (1955)

Order of Independence and Freedom (1st Class Medal) (1955)

Order of Liberation (1st Class Medal) (1955)

References

Government offices
Preceded by He Siyuan	Mayor of Beijing 1949	Succeeded by Nie Rongzhen
Preceded by	Governor of Guangdong 1949–1953	Succeeded by Tao Zhu
Vacant Title last held by Marshal Lin Biao	Minister of National Defense of the People's Republic of China 1975–1978	Succeeded by Marchal Xu Xiangqian
Assembly seats
Preceded by Soong Ching-ling Acting	Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress 1978–1983	Succeeded by Peng Zhen
	Head of State of the People's Republic of China (as Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee) 1978–1983	Succeeded by Li Xiannian as President of the People's Republic of China
Party political offices
Preceded by	Secretary of the CPC Guangdong Committee 1949–1955	Succeeded by Tao Zhu
Vacant Title last held by Lin Biao	Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China 1973–1982 Served alongside: Zhou Enlai, Hua Guofeng, Deng Xiaoping, Wang Dongxing, Li Desheng, Kang Sheng, Wang Hongwen, Chen Yun, Zhao Ziyang	Post abolished