West African CFA franc
The West African CFA franc (French: franc CFA; Portuguese: franco CFA or simply franc, ISO 4217 code: XOF) is the currency of eight independent states in West Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. These eight countries had a combined population of 105.7 million people in 2014,[1] and a combined GDP of US$128.6 billion (as of 2018).[2]
| West African CFA franc | |
|---|---|
| franc CFA BCEAO (French) | |
 Current coins of the West African CFA franc | |
| ISO 4217 | |
| Code | XOF |
| Number | 952 |
| Exponent | 0 |
| Denominations | |
| Subunit | |
| 1/100 | centime |
| Symbol | CFA |
| centime | c |
| Nickname | céfa, franc |
| Banknotes | 500, 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000 francs CFA |
| Coins | 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, 500 francs CFA |
| Demographics | |
| User(s) |         |
| Issuance | |
| Central bank | Central Bank of West African States |
| Website | www |
| Valuation | |
| Pegged with | euro = 655.957 |
The acronym CFA stands for Communauté Financière d'Afrique ("Financial Community of Africa") or Communauté Financière Africaine ("African Financial Community").[3] The currency is issued by the BCEAO (Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, "Central Bank of the West African States"), located in Dakar, Senegal, for the members of the UEMOA (Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine, "West African Economic and Monetary Union"). The franc is nominally subdivided into 100 centimes but no centime denominations have been issued.
The Central African CFA franc is of equal value to the West African CFA franc, and is in circulation in several central African states. They are both called the CFA franc.
In 2019, it was announced that the West African CFA franc would be reformed, which will include renaming it the Eco and reducing France's role in the currency.[4][5]
History
The CFA franc was introduced to the French colonies in West Africa in 1945, replacing the French West African franc. The West African colonies and territories using the CFA franc were Ivory Coast, Dahomey, French Sudan, Mauritania, Niger, Sénégal, Togo and Upper Volta. The currency continued in use when these colonies gained their independence, except in Mali (formerly French Sudan), which replaced at par the CFA franc with its own franc in 1961.
In 1973, Mauritania replaced the CFA franc with the ouguiya at a rate of 1 ouguiya = 5 francs. Mali readopted the CFA franc in 1984, at a rate of 1 CFA franc = 2 Malian francs. The former Portuguese colony of Guinea-Bissau adopted the CFA franc in 1997,[6] replacing the Guinea-Bissau peso at a rate of 1 CFA franc = 65 pesos.
Coins
For coins struck prior to the CFA franc, see French West African franc
In 1948, aluminium 1 and 2 franc coins were introduced. These were followed in 1956 by aluminium-bronze 5, 10, and 25 francs. All carried the name "Afrique Occidentale Française". In 1957, 10 and 25 franc coins were issued with the name of "Togo" were minted for use in that country, these were issued only for that year. From 1959, all coins have been issued by the BCEAO.
From 1959 onward, the overall size and composition of the coins changed little, however "République français" and the stylized Marianne bust was dropped from all coins, replaced with the title "Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest" with the design on the 1, 5, 10, and 25 francs featuring a gazelle's profile, carried over from colonial issues, and a tribal mask between the denomination, which has become the emblem of the West African monetary union. Nickel-Steel 100 franc coins were introduced in 1967, followed by the cupro-nickel 50 franc coins in 1972. These also featured the familiar tribal mask. Small, stainless steel 1 franc coins were introduced in 1976, replacing the larger aluminum 1 franc coins, and were struck until 1995. The 10 and 25 franc coins saw a redesign in 1980, depicting a family using a water pump and a young woman with chemistry tools, respectively. A bimetallic 250 francs was introduced in 1992 to reduce excess change. These coins, however, proved to be unpopular in many regions and were discontinued after 1996. They are however, still legal tender. In 2003, bimetallic 200 and 500 franc coins were introduced, replacing smaller denomination notes. Like all the other West CFA franc coins, these depicted the mask emblem.
Unlike some coins of the Central African CFA franc, no modern circulation coins have been issued depicting the names of individual member states, nor any letters or marks of indication.
All CFA coins depict both a mint mark, along with an engraver's privy mark. The mint mark is located on the reverse on the left side of the denomination or date while the engraver's mark is located on the right.
Banknotes
When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Occidentale in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation. 500-franc notes were added in 1946, followed by those of 5,000 francs in 1948. In 1955, the Institut d'Emission de l'A.O.F. et du Togo took over the production of paper money, issuing notes for 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs.
In 1959, the BCEAO took over the issuance of paper money and reintroduced a 5,000-franc note. With the exception of a few early issues, the notes of the BCEAO carry a letter to indicate the country of issuance. The codes are as follows:
- A - Côte d’Ivoire
- B - Benin
- C - Burkina Faso
- H - Niger
- K - Senegal
- M - Mali
- S - Guinea-Bissau
- T - Togo[7]
The country codes are used to identify and categorise flow of cash between the CFA franc countries, as well as repatriating banknotes to their country of origin.[8]
50-franc notes were last issued in 1959, with 100 francs not issued since 1965. 10,000-franc notes were introduced in 1977, followed by 2,500-franc notes in 1992.
In 2004, a new series of notes was introduced in denominations of 1,000, 2,000, 5,000 and 10,000 francs, with the 500-franc note having been replaced by a coin the year before. The newer notes contain updated security features and are more modern in design. The change was welcomed because of a perception that the old notes were dirty and disease-ridden.[9] The colour of the 5,000-franc note was changed from blue to green. On November 30, 2012, the Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (Central Bank of the West African States) issued a 500-franc banknote.[10][11]
Controversy
There has been some debate over whether the West African CFA franc serves as way for France to keep influence in region, often to the detriment to these nations. For example one of the "rules" of the currency is that the central banks of all of the nations involved have to keep at least 50% of their foreign assets in the French Treasury. Some see this as a way to keep the currency stable while other see it as limiting the economic independence of the West African nations that are involved. Some studies have shown that the CFA franc has reduced intra-regional trade, made countries dependent on exporting a limited number of goods, narrowed the industrial base, and made the economies of these nations very vulnerable to external shocks. Even though during the early 1950s to the mid 1980s, CFA countries experienced higher real GDP growth and lower inflation rates than other non-CFA Sub-Saharan countries, the economic shocks of the 1986 and 1993 caused the CFA franc to become increasingly overvalued and run increased deficits in the French Treasury. Some policymakers have argued that the CFA franc be tied to a basket of currencies rather than one currency as it currently is. Also, they state that it the reserve requirement should be restructured in order to give CFA countries more economic freedom.[12]
See also
- Central African CFA franc
- Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
- Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
- African and Malagasy Union (AMU)
- African Central Bank
- Eco (currency)
General:
References
- Population Reference Bureau. "2014 World Population Data Sheet" (PDF).
- International Monetary Fund. "List of countries by GDP (nominal)" (wiki). Retrieved 2019-01-25.
- "Présentation" (in French). Central Bank of West African States. Retrieved July 14, 2012. (in French)
- "West Africa renames CFA franc but keeps it pegged to euro". Reuters. 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
- "West Africa's new currency, the Eco: Rebrand or fresh start?". Deutsche Welle. 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
- "The Many Varieties of West African States Banknotes". Home.earthlink.net. 1959-04-04. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
- International Monetary Fund, March 2004. IMF Country Report No. 04/87. Burkina Faso: Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes––Data Module, Response by the Authorities, and Detailed Assessment Using the Data Quality Assessment Framework, page 115.
- International Monetary Fund, March 2004. IMF Country Report No. 04/87. Burkina Faso: Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes––Data Module, Response by the Authorities, and Detailed Assessment Using the Data Quality Assessment Framework, page 115.
- "West Africa ditches dirty money". BBC News. 2004-09-15. Archived from the original on 2006-06-27. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
- Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (Central Bank of the West African States). Retrieved on 2012-11-07.
- West African States new 500-franc note to be issued 30 November 2012 BanknoteNews.com. November 7, 2012. Retrieved on 2012-11-09.
- Signé, Landry (2019-12-07). "How the France-backed African CFA franc works as an enabler and barrier to development". Brookings. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
- Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
- Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Money of the West African monetary union. |
- (in French) Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) (Official Site of the West African Economic and Monetary Union)
- West African CFA franc Banknotes
- West African CFA franc Coins
- "The Many Varieties of West African States Banknotes" by Weldon D. Burson
- "The exchange rate of the CFA Franc BCEAO" (XOF)