Wakamatsu Shizuko

Wakamatsu Shizuko (若松 賤子, 6 September 1864 – 10 February 1896) was an educator, translator, and novelist best known for translating Little Lord Fauntleroy written by Frances Hodgson Burnett. She is also known for introducing literature with Christianity for children's novels.[2][3]

Shizuko Wakamatsu
若松賤子
Native name
巖本嘉志子
Iwamoto Kashiko[1]
Born松川甲子 (Matsukawa Kashi)
(1864-04-06)April 6, 1864
Aizu, Fukushima Prefecture
DiedFebruary 10, 1896(1896-02-10) (aged 31)
Tokyo
Resting placeSomei Cemetery
Pen nameWakamatsu Shizu, Wakamatsu Shizunojo, Bōjo (literary Joan Doe)
OccupationEducator, translator, novelist
LanguageJapanese, English
NationalityJapanese
EducationHigh school
Alma materFerris Girls' High School, Yokohama
Period1886–1896
GenreEssays on education, children's literature and translation from English to Japanese
Literary movementJogaku zasshi, a magazine for women and juvenille
SpouseIwamoto Yoshiharu
ChildrenKiyoko, Masahito, Tamiko
RelativesIwamoto Mari, granddaughter by Masahito

Early life

Born to Katsujirō Matsukawa as the eldest daughter in Aizu (Aizuwakamatsu post 1868), named 甲子 (Kashi) according to the year on Chinese calendar when she was born. At the age of one in 1868, her father left his family as an espionage who served for Aizu clan against the revolutionist during Boshin war, and the next year, he was relocated to Tonami, the present day Mutsu with his feudal lord. Kashi, her mother and the newborn sister Miya endured poverty and adverse circumstances during that period in Aizu, while Kashi's mother died in 1870.

In Yokohama

Ōkawa Jinbei, a wealthy merchant from Yokohama was visiting Aizu Wakamatsu and adopted Kashi as his daughter. In 1871 at the age of seven, Ōkawa Kashi was admitted to and studied at Isaac Ferris Seminary led by Mary E. Kidder-Miller, a missionary of Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (PCUSA) who founded the Seminary in 1875.[4] It was in 1877 when Kashi was baptised at the Church of Christ in Japan by pastor Inagaki Makoto.[5]

Kashi graduated from Isaac Ferris Seminary among the first alumnae in 1881[3] at the age of seventeen and was hired as a teacher for Japanese literature at her alma mater, which was by then called フェリス女学院高等科 (Ferris Girls' High School). She used a tentative family name Shimada instead of Ōkawa, a name thought to be after her natural father's espionage name. Her stepfather died in 1883, and in 1885 her natural father Matsukawa Katsujirō restored Kashi to his family register in Tokyo where he lived. She had been suffering from tuberculosis.

Kashi met Iwamoto Yoshiharu when he lectured at her school, and in 1886 he published two of her articles in his magazine[6] Jogaku zasshi; a travelogue 旧き都のつと (The Product of the Old City) in the 23rd issue,[7] and in the 37th In Memoriam—Condolence Poem (木村鐙子を弔ふ英詩), a mourning poetry written in English dedicated to Yoshiharu's friend the late principal Kimura Tōko of Meiji Girls' School.[7] Kashi had taken her pen name from her home town Wakamatsu, and Shizu or Shizuko meaning "the servant of God".[note 1] Aside from Shizu and Shizuko, she used such names as Bōjo (literary Joan Doe) and Shizunojo at times. For her first name 甲子 (Kashi), she chose alternative combination of Chinese characters to match with her married name as 巖本嘉志子 (巌本) (Iwamoto Kashiko).

She retired from Ferris and married Iwamoto Yoshiharu in 1889 at the church she was baptised in Yokohama. Yoshiharu was the editor in chief at Jogaku zasshi since 1886, as the co-founder and his friend Kondō Kumazō had passed away that year.[6] Kashi started teaching English at Meiji Girls' School which had been founded in 1885, but Kimura Tōko, the first principal had died in 1886 to whom Kashi dedicated a poetry in English. The second principal pastor Kimura Kumaji was Tōko's husband, and as a good friend of Kimuras', Yoshiharu supported the administrative works at the school. Kumaji retired in 1892 and Yoshiharu succeeded as the third principal until he closed it in 1909.[6] Kashi and Yoshiharu had two daughters and a son.

Novels and essays

There are over 50 literature she published on Jogaku zasshi with the most popular translation of Little Lord Fauntleroy written by an American novelist Frances Hodgson Burnett. The translation, 小公子 (Shōkōshi) was issued as a serial between 1890 and 1892 on Jogaku zasshi. As both Morita Shiken, a translator for Jules Verne's Two Years' Vacation,[note 2] and a literature critique/Shakespeare translator Tsubouchi Shōyō praised that she had a style to her writing that unified colloquial and literature language.[9] Her realistic description impressed not only them, but juvenille readers for generations enjoyed her works as much that it is in the 30th impression.[note 3]

Starting in 1894 when she was 30, she edited those columns for women and children in a journal The Japan Evangelist and posted some 70 essays introducing Japanese books, annual events and customs in English.[11]

Her health deteriorated while leading busy life between chores of a housewife and a writer suffered tuberculosis. A fire broke out at Meiji Girls' School in February 1896, and five days after that, Wakamatsu Shizuko passed away due to heart attack. She rests in Somei cemetery in Tokyo.

Notable works

Magazine submissions

Jogaku zasshi and Hyōron

For magazines, Wakamatsu Shizuko (Shizu) submitted her writings and translation mainly on either Jogaku zasshi or Hyōron. Both magazines were published by Jogaku Zasshisha in Tokyo.

  • "旧き都のつと" [Products of Old City]. 1886. Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  • "In Memoriam—Condolence Poem Dedicated for Tōko Kimura, the First Principal of Meiji Girls' School" [明治女学校初代校長木村鐙子を弔う詩]. 1886. Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) Written in English.
  • "お向ふの離れ" [The Detouched Room Facing to Ours]. 1889. Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  • "すみれ" [Violets]. 1889. Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  • "我宿の花" [A flower in my hotel room]. 1892. Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) A serial completed in 1893.
  • "人さまざま" [Each person is different]. 1892. Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  • "大学に入らんとして伯父を訪ふ" [Visiting my Uncle for Advice on Entering College]. Hyōron. 1893. OCLC 835664697.[12] Inspired by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
  • "波のまにまに" [In between Waves]. Hyōron. 1893. OCLC 835664697.[12]

Japan Evangelist and Shōnen Sekai

  • "Thinking of our Sisters across the Great Sea". The Japan Evangelist. 1894.[11]
  • "おもひで" [Memories]. Shōnen Sekai. Hakubunkan. 1896. Wakamatsu Shizuko's last writing.

Translation
  • Proctor, Adelaide Anne (1890). "忘れ形見" [The Sailor Boy]. Jogaku zasshi (in Japanese). Adopted from Adelaide Anne Proctor's poetry.
  • Tennyson, Alfred (1890). "イナック・アーデン物語" [Enock Arden]. Jogaku zasshi (in Japanese).
  • Burnett, Frances Hodgson (1890). "小公子" [Little Lord Fauntleroy]. Jogaku zasshi (in Japanese).
  • Dickens, Charles (1892). 雛嫁 [Hinayome] (in Japanese). Kokumin no Tomo. Translated from part of Charles Dickens' David Copperfield.
  • Ingelow, Jean (1893). "ローレンス" [Laurance]. Jogaku zasshi (in Japanese).
  • Burnett, Frances Hodgson (1893). "セイラ・クルーの話" [Sara Crewe]. Shōnen-en (in Japanese). A serial run through 1894.
  • Wiggin, Kate Douglas (1893). "いわひ歌" [The Birds's Christmas Carol]. Jogaku zasshi (in Japanese). Also titled as いわひ歌 (Carol) [クリスマスの天使 (Christmas Angel)].

Reprints

Articles and titles reprinted in recent years.

  • "お向ふの離れ" [The Detouched Room Facing to Ours]. 樋口一葉・明治女流文學・泉鏡花集 (Higuchi Ichiyo, Meiji literature by woman writers, and Izumi Kyōka). 現代日本文学大系. Chikumashobo. 5. 1976. ISBN 4480100059. OCLC 40086632.
  • Manshundō, ed. (1984). 女学雑誌 (復刻版) [Jogaku zasshi, reprint] (in Japanese). Rinsen Shoten. OCLC 894824931.
  • 小公子 [Little Lord Fauntleroy]. Iwanami Shoten. 1939. ISBN 978-4003233115. OCLC 835167827. In Iwanami Bunko, 30th impression.
  • Burnett, Frances Hodgson (2000). Kawato, Michiaki; Sakibara, Takanori (eds.). Translated by Wakamatsu, Shizuko. "Sara Crewe (Anthology of Burnett)" [セイラ・クルーの話 バーネット集]. 明治翻訳文学全集—新聞雑誌編 21 (Translated literatures of Meiji era—Newspapers and Magazines). Ōzorasha. 21. ISBN 9784756803184. OCLC 840679455.

Anthology

  • Iwamoto, Kashiko (1982). Iwamoto Yoshiharu (ed.). 巖本嘉志子—英文遺稿集 [Anthology of Iamoto Yoshiko's writings in English]. Ryūkei shosha. OCLC 672610011.
  • Ozaki, Rumi; Japan Society of the History of Children's Culture, eds. (1995). "Children's stories Translated by Shizuko Wakamatsu". History of Japanese Children's Culture. Kyūzansha. 4. ISBN 9784906563647. OCLC 34720410.
  • Kawato, Michiaki; Sakibara, Takanori, eds. (2000). Translated by Wakamatsu, Shizuko; Senuma, Kayō; Ōtsuka, Kusuoko. "若松賤子集" [Works of Shizuko Wakamatsu]. 明治の女流文学—翻訳編 第1巻 (Translated literature—Works of women novelist in Meiji era). 明治文学復刻叢書 (Reprinted works of novel and literature in Meiji era). Gogatsu Shobō. 1. ISBN 9784772703253. OCLC 959673525.

Further reading

Biography
  • 年譜 若松賤子 (Wakamatsu Shizuko, table of Chronology), appendix. Sasabuchi, Tomoichi; Ishimaru, Hisashi, eds. (1973). "女學雑誌・文學界集" [Jogaku zasshi and Bungakukai]. 明治文学全集 Anthology of Meiji Literature. Chikuma Shobō. 32. ISBN 978-4-480-10332-1. OCLC 703743192.
  • Yamaguchi, Reiko (1980). とくと我を見たまえ—若松賎子の生涯 [Take a Good Look at Me—Shizuko Wakamatsu, Biography]. Shinchosha. OCLC 8455845.
  • Ozaki, Rumi (2007). 若松賤子: 黎明期を駆け抜けた女性 [Wakamatsu Shizuko, a woman who ran through the dawn]. Minatono Hito Children's Culture Studies. Kamakura: Minatono Hito. ISBN 9784896291780. OCLC 675588340.

Bibliography
  • Modern Culture Lab at Showa Women's University, ed. (1956). "若松賎子" [Shizuko Wakamatsu]. 近代文学研究叢書 Modern literature research library. 光葉会. 2. OCLC 672531360.
  • Namekawa, Michio, ed. (1968). "小公子, おもひで" [Shōkōshi, Memories]. 作品による日本児童文学史 History of Japanese Juvenile Literature by Works. Maki Shoten. 1 (Meiji, Taisho): 24–37. OCLC 42765115.
  • Japan Society of Children's Literature, ed. (1988). "若松賎子 Wakamatsu Shizuko". 児童文学事典 [Encyclopedia of Children's Literature]. Tōkyō Shobō. ISBN 4487731917. OCLC 19170214.

Notes
  1. It was in the 23rd issue of Jogaku Zasshi published on 15 May 1886 when Matsukawa Kashi used her pen name Wakamatsu Shizu for the first time for 旧き都のつと (The Product of the Old City).[7]
  2. Morita Shiken translated Jules Verne's Two Years' Vacation published in Japanese.[8]
  3. Wakamatsu's translation of Little Lord Fauntleroy by Frances Hodgson Burnett has been published as a Iwanami Bunko paperback (104-105, Aka-331-1, Aka (32)-331-1), reprinted 32nd impression as of 2016.[10]
gollark: Go compute your antiderivative, frankly.
gollark: Exactly.
gollark: Did your messages ever really exist?
gollark: A clear hallucination.
gollark: They are gods, they can MAKE food with godness.

References
  1. Wakamatsu Shizuko was born Matsukawa Kashi, adopted and changed her name to Ōkawa Kashi when she was very young. When Kashi started working as a teacher at the age of seventeen in 1881, she used a temporary name Shimada Kashi for a while. When her stepfather died, her natural father restored Kashi to his family register, her name was changed back to Matsukawa Kashi in 1885. She also changed her given name from Kashi to Kashiko.
  2. Wakamatsu, Shizuko; Iwaya, Sazanami; Kurushima, Takehiko (1983). "着物のなる木 : 巖谷小波・久留島武彦・若松賤子集" [Tree of Kimono—Anthology of works by Iwaya Sazanami, Kurushima Takehiko and Wakamatsu Shizuko]. 日本キリスト教児童文学全集. Kyobunkan. 1.
  3. Tomita, Hiroyuki; Kami, Shōichirō; Nihon Jidō Bungaku Gakkai, eds. (1995). 日本のキリスト教児童文学 [Christianity and Juvenile Literature in Japan]. Kokudosha. p. 71. OCLC 33456306.
  4. "フェリス女学院のあゆみ" [History of Ferris Girls' School]. Ferris Girls' School. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
  5. Archive Section, ed. (1996). "ミラー・ローゼィ 被伝者、若松賤子 被伝者" [Biographees, Rosey Miller and Shizuko Wakamatsu]. あゆみ (Ayumi). Yokohama: Ferris Women's College. 38.
  6. Tomita, Hiroyuki; Kami, Shōichirō; Nihon Jidō Bungaku Gakkai, eds. (1995). 日本のキリスト教児童文学 [Christianity and Juvenile Literature in Japan]. Kokudosha. p. 99. OCLC 33456306.
  7. Ozaki, Rumi (2007). 若松賤子: 黎明期を駆け抜けた女性 [Wakamatsu Shizuko, a woman ran through the dawn]. p. 63.
  8. "十五少年他" [Two Years' Vacation (and others)]. 少年少女世界の文学 (カラー名作・フランス編) (Children's Literature of the World—France) (2 ed.). Shogakukan. 15 (4). 1896.
  9. Study group for the history of Japanese language vocaburary, ed. (2008). 国語語彙史の研究 [Studies of the history of vocabulary in Japanese language]. 27. Ōsaka: Izumi Shoin. pp. 270, 277–280. ISBN 9784757604551. OCLC 674989821.
  10. Burnett, Frances Hodgson (1890). "小公子" [Little Lord Fauntleroy]. Jogaku zasshi (in Japanese). Translated by Wakamatsu, Shizuko. ISBN 9784003233115. OCLC 835167827.
  11. "Thinking of our Sisters across the Great Sea". The Japan Evangelist. 1894. It was titled in Japanese as 海外のシスターを思う.
  12. The Magazine Hyōron was merged with Jogaku zasshi in 1894.
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