Volodymyr-Volynskyi

Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Ukrainian: Володимир-Волинський, Polish: Włodzimierz Wołyński, Russian: Влади́мир-Волы́нский, Yiddish: לודמיר‎, Latin: Lodomeria) is a small city located in Volyn Oblast, in north-western Ukraine. Serving as the administrative centre of the Volodymyr-Volynskyi Raion, the city itself is also designated as a separate municipality within the oblast as the city of regional significance. The city is the historic centre of the region of Volhynia and the historic capital of the Principality of Volhynia. Population: 39,074 (2015 est.)[1]

Volodymyr-Volynskyi

Володимир-Волинський

Włodzimierz Wołyński
City of regional significance
The town center with the Baroque church of St. Joachim and St. Anne
Flag
Coat of arms
Volodymyr-Volynskyi
Location of Volodymyr-Volynsky
Volodymyr-Volynskyi
Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Ukraine)
Coordinates: 50°50′53″N 24°19′20″E
Country Ukraine
Region Volyn Oblast
First mentioned988
Government
 • MayorPetro Sahaniuk
Elevation
174 m (571 ft)
Population
 (2015)
 • Total39,074[1]
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal index
44700-44709
Area code+380 3342
Websitevolodymyrrada.gov.ua

The mediaeval Latin name of the town "Lodomeria" became the namesake of the 19th century Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , of which the town itself was not a part. 5 kilometres (3 miles) south from Volodymyr is Zymne, where the oldest Orthodox Monastery in Volynia is located.

Name

History

The city is one of the oldest towns in Ukraine and historical Ruthenia (or Rus). It took its name after Prince Volodymyr the Great (born in the Budyatychi, Ukrainian: Будятичі, a village near contemporary Volodymyr-Volynsky), who founded a stronghold on the lands taken from the Polish Lendians around 981.[2] In 988 the city became the capital of Volodymyr Principality and the seat of an Orthodox bishopric, as mentioned in the Primary Chronicle.

In 1160 the building of Sobor of Dormition of The Holy Mother of God was completed.[3] By the 13th century the city became part of Galicia–Volhynia as one of the most important trading towns in the region. Upon the conquest of Batu Khan in 1240, the city was subordinated to the Mongol Empire together with other Ruthenian principalities. In 1241, the Mongol army gathered near the town before the first Mongol invasion of Poland.[4] In the 14th century, Metropolitan Theognostus of all Rus' resided in the city for several years before moving to Moscow.[5]

Earth mounds of the former castle

In 1349 King Casimir the Great captured the city, and subsequently it became part of the Kingdom of Poland. The Polish king began building a castle, destroyed by Lithuanians after 1370,[6] and established a Catholic bishopric in Włodzimierz, later transferred to nearby Lutsk, which in the 15th century instead of Volodymyr became the leading city and capital of Volhynia.[7] In 1370 it was taken by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (after 1386 part of the Polish–Lithuanian Union) and it was not until the Union of Lublin of 1569 that it returned to the Crown of Poland.[7] In the meantime the city was given Magdeburg town rights in 1431. In 1491 and 1500 it was invaded by Tatars.[6] From 1566 to 1795 it was part of the Volhynian Voivodeship. It was a royal city of Poland. Most of the city's landmarks were built at that time, including the Baroque church of St. Joachim and St. Anne, the Jesuit church, the Dominican monastery and the chapel of St. Josaphat.

On July 17, 1792, the Battle of Włodzimierz took place in the vicinity of the town: a numerically inferior Polish force led by Tadeusz Kościuszko defeated the Russian army. The city remained a part of Poland until the Third Partition of Poland of 1795, when the Russian Empire annexed it. That year the Russian authorities changed the name of several cities in Volhynia including Novohrad-Volynskyi (former Zwiahel). Volodymyr-Volynsky stayed within Russian Partition till 1917. In the 19th century, as part of anti-Polish repressions, Russians demolished the Dominican church and Capuchin monastery, and the former Jesuit and then Basilian church was converted into an Orthodox church.

Volodymyr during World War I

In 18th and 19th centuries the town started to grow rapidly, mostly thanks to large numbers of Jews settling there as a result of Russian discriminatory policies. By the second half of the 19th century they made up the majority of local inhabitants. According to the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland,[6] in the late 19th century the city had 8336 inhabitants, 6122 of them Jews. In 1908, the railway station was opened.

Immediately after World War I, the area became disputed by the re-established Polish state, Bolshevist Russia and the Ukrainian People's Republic, with the Polish 17th Infantry Regiment capturing it overnight on January 23, 1919. In the interbellum the city was a seat of a powiat within the Volhynian Voivodeship of Poland and an important garrison was located there. In 1926, the Volyn Artillery Reserve Cadet School (Wołyńska Szkoła Podchorążych Rezerwy Artylerii) was established in Włodzimierz. Before the outbreak of World War II the city's population was predominantly Polish and Jewish, with a Ukrainian minority.[8]

World War II
The Great Synagogue was set on fire by the Germans in 1942 and in the 1950s the remnants were completely razed by the Soviet regime.[9]

Following the Nazi-Soviet Pact the city was occupied by Soviet forces on 19 September 1939. On 23 June 1941 the city was occupied by Germany, and immediately the Jewish community of 11,554 began to be persecuted. Between September 1 and 3, 1942, 25,000 Jews from the local area were shot at Piatydni. On November 13, 1942, the Germans killed another 3,000 Jews from the town near Piatydni. During World War II, a German concentration camp was located near the city. About 140 Jews returned to the city after the war, but most later emigrated. By 1999 only 30 remained.[10]

In 1943, occupied Włodzimierz became a shelter for Poles escaping the genocide carried out by Ukrainian nationalists of the UPA.[8] UPA attacks took place mainly in the suburbs. Poles were defended both by the Polish police established with the consent of the Germans and an illegal self-defense unit. In Włodzimierz, Poles suffered from overpopulation, hunger and diseases.[8] According to later research by Władysław Siemaszko and Ewa Siemaszko, a total of 111 Poles were killed in a dozen UPA attacks in Włodzimierz.[8] After the war, the vast majority of Polish residents of Włodzimierz was displaced to the post-war Polish territories, as Włodzimierz was annexed from Poland by the Soviets.[8]

The city was liberated by the Red Army on 20 July 1944 and annexed to the Ukrainian SSR.

Post-war

A Cold War air base was located north-east of the town at Zhovtnevy.

Since 1991 the city has been part of Ukraine.

Discovery of mass graves from World War II

A series of mass graves were discovered in 1997, with exhumations completed by 2013. Originally thought to be an example of NKVD mass murder, similar to the Katyn massacre and the Vinnytsia massacre, the Volodymyr-Volynskyi murders were shown in 2012 to have been carried out by German forces, most likely the Einsatzgruppen C,.[11] The primary archeological evidence for German culpability was that most of the bullet shell casings were dated 1941 (and were from a German factory). Testimony by a Jewish survivor of the city, recorded by the USC Shoah Foundation corroborated the view that the perpetrators were German and that the victims were primarily Jewish.[12][13] Anthropological analysis of the remains led to the conclusion that three quarters of the victims were women and children. The 747 victims were reinterred in local city cemeteries.[14]

Churches in Volodymyr-Volynsky
Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral (Russian Orthodox Church)

The oldest place of worship in the town was the Temple of Volodymyr, erected several kilometres from the modern town's centre and first mentioned in a chronicle (latopis) of 1044. The oldest existing church is the Dormition of the Mother of God built by Mstyslav Izyaslavovych in 1160. By the late 18th century it fell into disuse and finally collapsed in 1829, but was restored between 1896 and 1900. The third of the old Orthodox churches is an Orthodox Basil the Great's cathedral, was erected probably in 14th or 15th centuries, though local legends attribute its construction to Volodymyr the Great who was to build it some time after 992.

Former Jesuit church, now the Orthodox Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ, is one of the Baroque landmarks of the city

In 1497 duke Alexander Jagiellon erected a Catholic church of Holy Trinity and a Dominican monastery. In 1554 another wooden Catholic church was founded by Princess Anna Zbaraska, which was later replaced by a new St. Joahim's and Anna's church in 1836. In 1755 a Jesuit church was erected there by the starost of Słonim Ignacy Sadowski and in 1780 a Greek Catholic Josaphat's church was added to the list. Following Russian Empire's takeover of the town in the effect of the Partitions of Poland, both latter shrines were confiscated and donated to the authorities of the Orthodox Church, who converted them to an Orthodox monastery and church, respectively, while the Dominican monastery was converted to an administrative building.

Museum
Volodymyr-Volynsky Historical Museum

There also exists Volodymyr-Volynsky Historical Museum, an architectural monument of the 19th century.

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Twin towns - Sister cities

Volodymyr-Volynsky is twinned with:

  • Greek-Catholic Church (formerly Lutheran)
  • A chapel in Volodymyr-Volynskyi
  • Soborna street
  • A building on Kovelska street
  • Bishops' palace
  • Administrative building

Famous People
gollark: It's not Haskell (which I consider sort of a good thing), but I like it because it has a decent type system, really good tooling, decent speed/efficiency, and it's actually not horrible for me to program in it. Except sometimes the borrow checker is annoying.
gollark: I see.
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gollark: They also hope people will move from Python 2 to Rust (yay), Go (HERESY) and some other things.

References
  1. "Чисельність наявного населення України (Actual population of Ukraine)" (PDF) (in Ukrainian). State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  2. Henryk Paszkiewicz. The making of the Russian nation. Greenwood Press. 1977. Cracow 1996, p.77-79.
  3. Собор Успiння Пресвятої Богоматерi (ukr.). volodymyrrada.gov.ua. [accessed 2011-11-12]
  4. Włodzimierz Knap. "Straszni Mongołowie złupili Kraków". Dziennik Polski (in Polish). Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  5. Meyendorff, John. Byzantium and the Rise of Russia, p.84.
  6. various authors (1880). "Włodzimierz". In Filip Sulimierski; Bronisław Chlebowski; Władysław Walewski (eds.). Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (in Polish). XIV. Warsaw: Wiek. pp. 169–170.
  7. "Włodzimierz Wołyński". Encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  8. Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko, Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939-1945, Warszawa, „von borowiecky”, 2000, s. 950-958 (in Polish)
  9. Sergey R. Kravtsov, Vladimir Levin. Synagogues in Ukraine VOLHYNIA Vol. 2. Page 697. The Center Of Jewish Art. ISBN 978-965-227-342-0.
  10. "Remember Jewish Austila". 2018-07-21.
  11. http://www.archiwum.radaopwim.gov.pl/article_details/768/listopada-wlodzimierz-wolynski/
  12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_zza0F12No
  13. Excerpt from "Witness to Horror" by Ann Kazimirski
  14. Kolejna zbiorowa mogiła odnaleziona we Włodzimierzu Wołyńskim, PAP, 2013-10-20
  • «Jewish Volodymyr. The History and Tragedy of Jewish Community of Volodymyr-Volyns’kyi» by Volodymyr Muzychenko, Lutsk, 2011. 256 p. (in Ukrainian) Володимир Музиченко. “Володимир єврейський. Історія і трагедія єврейської громади м. Володимира-Волинського” ISBN 978-966-361-664-3.

Official Web site of the Volodymyr-Vohlynsky historical museum

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