Salt End

Salt End or Saltend is a hamlet in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, in an area known as Holderness. It is situated on the north bank of the Humber Estuary just outside the Hull eastern boundary on the A1033 road.[1] It forms part of the civil parish of Preston.

Salt End

Salt’s End Power Station
Salt End
Location within the East Riding of Yorkshire
OS grid referenceTA165289
Civil parish
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townHULL
Postcode districtHU12
Dialling code01482
PoliceHumberside
FireHumberside
AmbulanceYorkshire
UK Parliament

Salt End is dominated by a BP chemical park and a gas-fired power station owned by International Power. Chemicals produced at Salt End include acetic acid, acetic anhydride, ammonia, bio-butanol, bio-ethanol, ethyl acetate (ETAC) and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) with animal feed also being produced on site.

Industry

History

The site was opened in May 1914 when the North Eastern Railway Company built jetties connected to its railway system 1 mile (1.6 km) east of King George Dock.[2] The first ship to dock there was carrying 3,000 imperial gallons (14,000 l; 3,600 US gal) of benzene and thereafter, oil came to be imported at the site with the Asiatic Petroleum Company (Shell) and the Anglo Mexican Company (Shell Mex) with BP joining the site in 1921.[3]

In 1930 the site was expanded to produce acetic acids from alcohol which were eventually closed down by BP in 1990.[4] In April 1967, BP bought the distillery at Salt End outright.[5] In 1989, Air Products and Yara started operations on the site with Air Products providing raw material for use on site and Yara producing ammonia which it started shipping around Europe.[6]

In 2000, the 94-mile (151 km)[7] Teesside to Saltend pipeline was opened which transports ethylene to Saltend to be used on site.[6] In March 2007, BP Announced the sale of their Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) and Ethyl acetate (ETAC) plants to Ineos Oxides which also included ownership and maintenance of the ethylene pipeline from Teesside.[7] In 2009, BP created the Saltend Chemicals Park[sic], which covers an area of 370 acres (150 ha)[8] and they continued to manage the site[9] until March 2017 when Teesside based PX Group took over the day to day running of the park.[10]

BP Chemical works

The BP acetyl plants at Salt End produce about 900,000 tonnes (890,000 long tons; 990,000 short tons) of acetic acid and acetic anhydride per year,[11] making BP the largest producer of these chemicals in Europe. Acetic acid is used in VAM, PTA esters and other intermediates and acetic anhydride is used in cellulose acetate and chemical derivatives.[12]

INEOS

INEOS bought out the vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) and Ethyl acetate (ETAC) plants from BP in March 2007. The VAM plant was closed down in 2013 with the loss of 18 jobs. INEOS had invested £40 million in the plant but it couldn't make a profit against cheaper imports from the United States and Saudi Arabia.[13] The Ethyl acetate (ETAC) is still in production with ETAC being used in printing inks, glues, paints, packaging, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.[14]

Vivergo Fuels
Main article: Vivergo Fuels

Vivergo Fuels was a joint venture between BP, Associated British Foods and DuPont, with a 500,000 tonnes (550,000 tons) per year wheat-to-bioethanol plant at Saltend (although BP later sold its stake to Associated British Foods which gave them a 94% stake in the company).[15] After completion in 2012 the unit was intended to be the largest such plant in the UK and the 5th largest in Europe, but design and commissioning issues affected output in 2013.[16] The bioethanol produced is blended into petrol.[17]

Vivergo's construction was the subject of industrial action in March–April 2011 resulting from the termination of a contract with Redhall Engineering.[18] Construction was delayed for several months, but in August 2011 it restarted.[19] Protests at the gate of the Saltend site were heavily policed owing to severe disruption of the site and the road network to the east of Kingston upon Hull.[20] The plant's closure was announced in September 2018 with lower than expected market demand for ethanol in petrol fuel due to the UK government maintaining the mandated blend at 5% by volume rather than increasing to 10% as had been expected.[21]

Salt End Power Station seen from Goxhill Haven

Salt End cogeneration plant

Salt End Power Station was commissioned in 2000 by Entergy an American power generator. It was later sold to Calpine Corporation, also an American power generator, in August 2001 for £562 million. In July 2005, Salt End was sold to International Power and Mitsui (70:30 share) for £500 million.[22] The site was built by Mitsubishi (MHI) and Raytheon.

The station is run on gas using single shaft 3 × Mitsubishi 701F gas Turbines machines with Alstom 400 MWe generators. The station has a total output of 1,200 MW; of that 100 MW is allocated to supply BP Chemicals. Each gas turbine has a Babcock Borsig Power (BBP) heat recovery steam generator, which all lead to one steam turbine per unit (single shaft machine means Gas turbine and Steam Turbine are on the same shaft). The waste product of electricity generation is steam at the rate of about 120 tonnes/h which is sold to BP Chemicals to use in their process.[23] This makes Salt End one of the most efficient power stations in the UK.

Waste incineration

In June 2009 the Environment Agency issued an environmental permit to Waste Recycling Group for a non-hazardous waste incinerator at Queen Elizabeth Dock, Saltend. The plant is an energy from waste facility, which will burn waste at high temperatures and use the energy to generate electricity[24] which was later backtracked due to strong opposition from the local town of Hedon with the fear of toxic fumes.[25]

Yorkshire Water

North of the A1033 and away from the main Saltend Chemicals Park, is Yorkshire Water's waste water treatment works. Although Yorkshire Water invested £30 million in October 2015 to improve the odours emanating from the plant,[26] local people in Preston and Hedon have employed solicitors to bring about legal action over the smell.[27]

Nippon Gohsei

Nippon Gohsei produce ethyl-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) on site. The EVOH line at Salt End is the largest in the world and is marketed under the brand name SOARNOL. The product is an alternative packing material composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. When the product enters into the waste stream, it causes no toxic gases when burnt and only burns at half the temperature of polyethylene.[28]

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gollark: No, `Threading`.
gollark: Ah, you have made a concurrency library with a strange API.
gollark: Yep, it does work.
gollark: PotatOS can now theoretically be removed by running `potatOS.begin_uninstall_process()` on any installation. This is untested, since my program seems to be unable to find the factors of 20039569799 very fast.

References
  1. "Estuarine". www.hullhistorycentre.org.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  2. "History of Hull Docks". hullhistorycentre.org.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  3. Meehan, John (17 June 2014). "A celebration of 100 years as sector proves a world leader". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  4. Willett 2010, p. 8.
  5. "BP Hull to host celebratory 50 years event | Hull – Saltend Chemicals Park | Where we operate | United Kingdom". bp.com. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  6. "History | Saltend Chemicals Park". saltendchemicalspark.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  7. "INEOS Acquisition of BP's Acetate Business receives clearance from EU Competition Authorities". www.ineos.com. 26 February 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  8. "PX Group acquires Saltend Industrial Park from BP | Saltend Chemicals Park". saltendchemicalspark.co.uk. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  9. Lea, Catherine (13 June 2017). "Bilfinger wins £15m maintenance contract with BP in Hull". Hull Daily Mail. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  10. "BP marks 50 years in Hull; supports creation of a wood acetylation consortium | Press releases and latest news | Media | United Kingdom". bp.com. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  11. Willett 2010, p. 9.
  12. Agreda, Victor; Zoeller, Joseph (1993). "12. Vinyl Acetate". Acetic acid and its derivatives. New York: M. Dekker. pp. 225–229. ISBN 0-8247-8792-7.
  13. "Job losses as Saltend Ineos chemicals facility closes". BBC News. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  14. "INEOS Oxide expansion of Salt End site". www.ineos.com. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  15. "BP sells stake in Vivergo to ABF". The Yorkshire Post. 7 May 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  16. "Green energy firm Vivergo remains upbeat despite suffering full year loss". The Yorkshire Post. 11 October 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  17. Casci, Mark (14 March 2017). "How animal feed leftovers could power your car". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  18. "Hull plant workers protest as contracts are terminated". BBC News. BBC. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  19. "East Yorkshire biofuel plant back on track". BBC News. BBC. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  20. "Two men arrested as police target Saltend protest to keep roads clear". This is Hull and East Riding. 13 April 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  21. "VIVERGO FUELS BIOETHANOL PLANT PROPOSES CEASING PRODUCTION". Vivergo Fuels. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  22. "International Power completes acquisition of 1,200 MW Saltend Power Plant, Hull, England". International Power plc. 28 July 2005. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  23. "Saltend 1200 MWe cogen ready to enter operation – Modern Power Systems". www.modernpowersystems.com. 19 June 2000. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  24. "Environment Agency gives green light to build incinerator at Saltend". This is Hull and East Riding. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  25. "Activists warn of new fight over waste burner". The Yorkshire Post. 22 August 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  26. "Investing in Water Treatment Works". Yorkshire Water. 20 April 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  27. "Yorkshire Water faces legal action over Saltend WwTW odour issues – WWT". wwtonline.co.uk. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  28. "Companies | Saltend Chemicals Park". saltendchemicalspark.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2017.

Sources
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