Violaceae

Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus Viola, the violets and pansies.

Violaceae
Viola banksii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Violaceae
Batsch
Type genus
Viola
Subfamilies

See text.

Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed the Violaceae in an order named after it, the Violales or the Parietales. However, molecular phylogeny studies place the family in the Malpighiales as reflected in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification, with 41 other families, where it is situated in the parietal clade of 11 families. Most of the species are found in three large genera, Viola, Rinorea and Hybanthus. The other genera are largely monotypic or oligotypic. The genera are grouped into four clades within the family. The species are largely tropical or subtropical but Viola has a number of species in temperate regions. Many genera have a very restricted distribution.

Description

Though the best-known genus, Viola, is herbaceous, most species are shrubs, lianas or small trees. The simple leaves are alternate or opposite, often with leafy stipules or the stipules are reduced in size. Some species have palmate or deeply dissected leaves. Many species are acaulescent. The flower are solitary in panicles. Some species have cleistogamous flowers produced after or before the production of typical flowers with petals. Flowers are bisexual or unisexual (e.g. Melicytus), actinomorphic but typically zygomorphic with a calyx of five sepals that are persistent after flowering. Corollae have five mostly unequal petals, and the anterior petal is larger and often spurred. Plants have five stamens with the abaxial stamen often spurred at the base. The gynoecium is a compound pistil of three united carpels with one locule. Styles are simple, with the ovary superior and containing many ovules. The fruits are capsules split by way of three seams. Seeds have endosperm.[1][2][3]

Taxonomy

That Viola, previously included by Jussieu (1789) under Cisti,[4] should have its own family was first proposed by Ventenat in 1799,[5] and in 1803 placed the Viola species in a new genus, Ionidium which he described as "Famille des violettes."[6][2] However, in the meantime Batsch established the Violaceae, as a suprageneric rank under the name of Violariae (1802), and as the first formal description, bears his name as the botanical authority.[7] Batsch included eight genera in this family.[8] Although Violariae continued to be used by some authors, such as Don (1831)[9] and Bentham and Hooker (1862) (as Violarieae),[10] most authors, such as Engler (1895),[11] adopted the alternative name Violaceae, proposed by de Lamarck and de Candolle in 1805,[12] and later by Gingins (1823)[13] and Saint-Hilaire (1824).[14] With the establishment of higher suprafamiliar orders, which he called "Alliances", Lindley (1853) placed his Violaceae within the Violales.[15]

Phylogeny

Historically, Violaceae has been placed within a number of orders since Lindley's treatment, principally Violales (Hutchinson, Takhtajan, Cronquist, Thorne) and the equivalent Parietales (Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl, Melchior),[16] although such placement was considered unsatisfactory,[2] but also Polygalinae (Hallier) and Guttiferales (Bessey).[17] Of these, that of Melchior (1925),[18] within the Engler and Prantl system, has been considered one of the most influential.[2] Molecular phylogenetics resulted in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) places it as one of a large number of families within the eudicot order Malpighiales.[19] Violaceae, as one of 42 families, is placed in a clade of 10 families within the order. Its place within the parietal clade reflects its earlier position in Parietales, those families with parietal placentation. There it forms a sister group to Goupiaceae.[20][1][21]

 
 

Oxalidales (outgroup)

 
Malpighiales[20]
 
euphorbioids
 
 

Euphorbiaceae

 
 

Peraceae

 
 
 
phyllanthoids
 

Picrodendraceae

 
 

Phyllanthaceae

 
 
linoids
 

Linaceae

 
 

Ixonanthaceae

 
 
 
 
 
parietal clade
 
salicoids
 
 
 
 

Salicaceae

 
 

Scyphostegiaceae

 
 
 

Samydaceae

 
 
 

Lacistemataceae

 
 
 
 
 

Passifloraceae

 
 

Turneraceae

 
 
 

Malesherbiaceae

 
 
 
 
 

Violaceae

 
 

Goupiaceae

 
 
 
 

Achariaceae

 
 
 

Humiriaceae

 
 
 
 
 
clusioids
 
 
 

Hypericaceae

 
 

Podostemaceae

 
 
 

Calophyllaceae

 
 
 
 

Clusiaceae

 
 

Bonnetiaceae

 
 
 
ochnoids
 

Ochnaceae

 
 
 

Quiinaceae

 
 

Medusagynaceae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Rhizophoraceae

 
 

Erythroxylaceae

 
 
 

Ctenolophonaceae

 
 
 
 

Pandaceae

 
 

Irvingiaceae

 
 
 
 
chrysobalanoids
 
 
 

Chrysobalanaceae

 
 

Euphroniaceae

 
 
 
 

Dichapetalaceae

 
 

Trigoniaceae

 
 
 
 

Balanopaceae

 
 
malpighioids
 
 

Malpighiaceae

 
 

Elatinaceae

 
 
 

Centroplacaceae

 
 
 

Caryocaraceae

 
putranjivoids
 

Putranjivaceae

 
 

Lophopyxidaceae

 
 
 
 
 

Subdivision

History

The Violaceae are a medium sized family with about 22–28 genera, and about 1,000–1,100 species. Most of the genera are monotypic or oligotypic, but the three genera Viola (about 600 species), Rinorea (about 250 species), and Hybanthus include 98% of the species with about half the species in Viola, and more than three-quarters of the remainder in the other two genera.[1][22][19][2]

Many attempts have been made at an intrafamilial classification, but these have largely been artificial, based on floral characteristics. Subdivisions were recognized almost immediately. Early classifications identified two major divisions, that were followed by most taxonomists;[13][15]

  • Alsodeieae. (Alsodineae, Rinoreeae). Radially symmetrical flowers (actinomorphic)
  • Violeae. Bilaterally symmetrical flowers (zygomorphic)

These also had biogeographical correlation, with the latter being almost exclusively S American and African, and the former being distributed in Europe in addition to the Americas.[15] In contrast, Bentham and Hooker (and some others) divided Alsodeieae, giving three tribes;

  • Violeae. Strictly zygomorphic
  • Paypayroleae. Actinomorphic wth some zygomorphic features
  • Alsodeieae. Strictly actinomorphic

Melchior utilized a more complex classification with two subfamilies, tribes and subtribes to recognize the place of Leonia within the Violaceae;.[2]

The historical subdivisions shown here are those of the system of Hekking (1988), based largely on floral symmetry, petal aestivation and petal morphology. In this system, most genera occur in the Rinoreae and Violeae tribes.[23] Three subfamilies have been recognized: the Violoideae, Leonioideae, and Fusispermoideae.[24][1]

Subfamily Fusispermoideae
Subfamily Leonioideae
Subfamily Violoideae
Tribe Rinoreeae
Subtribe Hymenantherinae
Subtribe Isodendriinae
Subtribe Paypayrolinae
  • Amphirrhox Spreng.
  • Paypayrola Aubl. (including Hekkingia J. K. Munzinger & H.E.Ballard)
Subtribe Rinoreinae
Tribe Violeae

About 600 species, in the following genera, but mainly in Viola and Hybanthus and including all four of the lianescent genera in the family (Agatea, Anchietea, Calyptrion and Hybanthopsis;[25]

Molecular systems

Molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed that many of these divisions were not monophyletic, partly due to homoplasy. These studies demonstrate four major clades within the family.[1]

The molecularly defined subdivisions are;[1]

In Clade 1, Schweiggeria and Noisettia are monotypic and form a sister group to Viola. In addition to the major clades, there were a number of unplaced segregates.[1]

Etymology

The family derives its name from the nominative genus, Viola.

Distribution and habitat

The Violaceae have an overall cosmopolitan distribution,[1] but are essentially tropical and subtropical, with the exception of the numerous Northern Hemisphere temperate species of Viola, the largest genus, which is also occurs at higher altitudes in its tropical and subtropical regions, where the shrub, tree and lianescent species are concentrated. In those regions, most representative genera are the mainly woody Rinorea and Hybanthus.[23] While Viola, Hybanthus, and Rinorea are widely distributed in both hemispheres, the remaining genera are relatively restricted in their distribution. Some are restricted to a single continent while others have a limited area involving just a single archipelago.[2] About 70 species are found in Brazil.[23][25]

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References
  1. Wahlert et al 2014.
  2. Taylor 1972.
  3. Ballard et al 2013.
  4. Jussieu 1789.
  5. Ventenat 1799.
  6. Ventenat 1803–1804.
  7. Batsch 1802.
  8. IPNI 2020.
  9. Don 1831.
  10. Bentham & Hooker 1862.
  11. Reiche & Taubert 1887–1915.
  12. de Lamarck & de Candolle 1815.
  13. Gingins 1823.
  14. Saint-Hilaire 1824.
  15. Lindley 1853.
  16. Sharma 2009.
  17. Singh & Jain 2006.
  18. Melchior 1925.
  19. APG IV 2016.
  20. Xi et al 2012.
  21. Endress et al 2013.
  22. WFO 2019.
  23. de Paula-Souza & Souza 2003.
  24. Hekking 1988.
  25. Souza 2009.

Bibliography

Books and theses

  • Ballard, Harvey E; Paula-Souza, Juliana de; Wahlert, Gregory A (2013). "Violaceae". In Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.). Flowering Plants. 11 Eudicots: Malpighiales. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 303–322. ISBN 978-3-642-39417-1.(Also preview at Springer)
  • Byng, James W. (2014). "Violaceae". The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world. Plant Gateway Ltd. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-0-9929993-1-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Fay, Michael F.; Chase, Mark W. (2017). "Violaceae". Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. University of Chicago Press. pp. 324–325. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
  • Sharma, O. P. (2009) [1993]. "Violales". Plant Taxonomy (2nd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 43, 172, 249. ISBN 978-1-259-08137-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Singh, V; Jain, D K (2006) [1981]. "Violaceae". Taxonomy of Angiosperms (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Rastogi Publications. pp. 189–193. ISBN 978-81-7133-849-8.
  • Paula-Souza, Juliana de; Pirani, José Rubens (2014). "A biogeographical overview of the "lianescent clade" of Violaceae in the Neotropical region". In Greer, Francis Eliott (ed.). Dry Forests: Ecology, Species Diversity and Sustainable Management. Environmental Science, Engineering and Technology. Nova Science Publishers. pp. 1–28. ISBN 978-1-63321-291-6.
  • Souza, Juliana de Paula (2009). Estudos filogenéticos em Violaceae com ênfase na tribo Violeae e revisão taxonômica dos gêneros Lianescentes de Violaceae na região [Neotropical Phylogenetic studies on tribe Violeae and taxonomic revision of the Neotropical Lianescent genera of Violaceae] (PhD thesis) (in Portuguese). Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo.
Historical sources

Articles

Websites

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