Anchietea

Anchietea is a genus of flowering plants in the violet family Violaceae, with six accepted species, found in tropical South America.

Anchietea
Anchietea pyrifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Violaceae
Subfamily: Violoideae
Tribe: Violeae
Genus: Anchietea
A.St.-Hil.[1][2][3]
Type species
Anchietea pyrifolia (Mart.) G.Don[4]
Species
Synonyms[2]

Description

Lianas or reclining shrubs with oblong-lanceolate to ovate leaves. The flowers, which may be unisexual or bisexual, are in axillary racemoids or fascicles, with a white to orange corollas that are strongly zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) with the long bottom petal weakly differentiated with a well exserted (projecting) spur. On the five stamens, the filaments are strongly connate (fused) with the two lowest anthers calcarate (spurred) and possessing a small dorsal connective appendage that is entire and ovate. In the gynoecium, the style is rostellate (beaked). The fruit is a very thin walled bladder-like capsule. There are many seeds per carpel, that are orbicular in outline and strongly flattened and encircled with a low interrupted ridge, or broad wing.[5][6][7] The genus is characterized by membranaceous inflated capsules that usually prematurely expose the strongly flattened seeds to maturation.[8]

Taxonomy

The genus Anchietea was first described by Saint-Hilaire in 1824, with a single species Anchietea salutaris, which thus is considered the type species.[9] Therefore the genus bears his name, A.St.-Hil., as the botanical authority.[4] Shortly before this, Martius had described a species in a related genera, Noisettia pyrifolia.[10] In 1831, Don transferred this species to Anchietea, noting that the specific epithet pyrifolia referred to "pear-shaped leaves".[11][12] A revision of the genus in 2013 identified A. salutaris and A. pyrifolia as conspecific, and since A. pyrifolia had priority (as Noisettia pyrifolia) it is the type species.[12]

Early taxonomic schemes, primarily based on floral morphology, such as Bentham and Hooker (1862)[13] placed Anchietea within subfamily Violoideae, tribe Violeae, subtribe Violinae.[6][14] Anchietea is one of four lianescent genera in Violaceae, together with Calyptrion Ging., Agatea A.Gray and the more recently discovered (2003) Hybanthopsis Paula-Souza.[15] Historically, these genera were distributed among separate subtribes, with Anchietea within subtribe Violinae with Calyptrion and Hybanthopsis and Agatea in subtribe Hybanthinae.[5][14]

Molecular phylogenetic studies have now grouped these four genera together into a single lianescent clade, one of four within the family Violaceae.[7]

Etymology

The genus Anchietea is named for the sixteenth century Jesuit missionary and naturalist Joseph of Anchieta, who described the Brazilian flora.[11][16]

Species
  • Anchietea ballardii Paula-Souza
  • Anchietea exaltata Eichler
  • Anchietea ferrucciae Paula-Souza & Zmarzty
  • Anchietea frangulifolia (Kunth) Melch.
  • Anchietea pyrifolia (Mart.) G.Don
  • Anchietea sellowiana Cham. & Schltdl.

Estimates of the number of species in Anchietea has varied considerably between five[5][17] and nine,[1][2] but historically, the genus has been poorly described and new species have continued to be described. De Paula-Souza and colleagues, recognize six species,[18][8][7] having added A. ferrucciae in 2010 as a new description[8] and A. ballardii in 2016.[19][20]

Other species which have been previously accepted include A. peruviana Melch., which Paula-Souza treats as A. frangulifolia spp peruviana Paula-Souza, A. raimondii Melch. as A. frangulifolia spp. frangulifolia and A. suma (Vell.) Stellfeld as a synonym of A pyrifolia.[18]

Distribution and habitat

Extra-Amazonian South America, in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF) of South America.[19][21][2]

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References
  1. WFO 2019.
  2. POTWO 2020.
  3. IPNI 2020.
  4. Tropicos 2020.
  5. Ballard et al 2013.
  6. Byng 2014.
  7. Wahlert et al 2014.
  8. Paula-Souza & Zmarzty 2010.
  9. Saint-Hilaire 1824.
  10. Martius 1824.
  11. Don 1831.
  12. Paula-Souza et al 2013.
  13. Bentham & Hooker 1862.
  14. de Paula-Souza & Pirani 2014.
  15. de Paula-Souza & Souza 2003.
  16. Quattrocchi 2000.
  17. Christenhusz et al 2017.
  18. Souza 2009.
  19. de Paula-Souza & Pirani 2016.
  20. Ohio 2016.
  21. Paula-Souza & Pirani 2014.

Bibliography
Books and theses
  • Ballard, Harvey E; Paula-Souza, Juliana de; Wahlert, Gregory A (2013). "Violaceae". In Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.). Flowering Plants. 11 Eudicots: Malpighiales. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 303–322. ISBN 978-3-642-39417-1.(Also preview at Springer)
  • Bentham, G.; Hooker, J.D. (1862). "Violarieae". Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita (3 vols.). 1(1). London: L Reeve & Co. pp. 114–121.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Byng, James W. (2014). "Violaceae". The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world. Plant Gateway Ltd. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-0-9929993-1-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Fay, Michael F.; Chase, Mark W. (2017). "Violaceae". Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. University of Chicago Press. pp. 324–325. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
  • Don, George (1831). "Anchietea". A general history of the dichlamydeous plants: comprising complete descriptions of the different orders...the whole arranged according to the natural system IV vols. 1. London: J.G. and F. Rivington. p. 340.
  • Paula-Souza, Juliana de; Pirani, José Rubens (2014). "A biogeographical overview of the "lianescent clade" of Violaceae in the Neotropical region". In Greer, Francis Eliott (ed.). Dry Forests: Ecology, Species Diversity and Sustainable Management. Environmental Science, Engineering and Technology. Nova Science Publishers. pp. 1–28. ISBN 978-1-63321-291-6.
  • Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). "Anchietea". CRC world dictionary of plant names: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. 4 vols. 1. A-C. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-8493-2673-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Souza, Juliana de Paula (2009). "Anchietea". Estudos filogenéticos em Violaceae com ênfase na tribo Violeae e revisão taxonômica dos gêneros Lianescentes de Violaceae na região [Neotropical Phylogenetic studies on tribe Violeae and taxonomic revision of the Neotropical Lianescent genera of Violaceae] (PhD thesis) (in Portuguese). Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. pp. 65–120.
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