Vanda falcata

Vanda falcata, the wind orchid[1], is a species of orchid found in China, Korea, and Japan. It was formerly classified in the genus Neofinetia.

Vanda falcata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Orchidaceae
Subfamily:
Epidendroideae
Tribe:
Vandeae
Subtribe:
Aeridinae
Genus:
Vanda
Species:
V. falcata
Binomial name
Vanda falcata
Beer
Synonyms

Orchis falcata Thunb.
Aerides thunbergii Miq.
Angorchis falcata (Lindl.) Kuntze
Angraecum falcatum (Thunb.) Lindley
Finetia falcata (Thunb.) Schlechter
Holcoglossum falcatum (Thunb.) Garay
Neofinetia falcata (Thunb.) Hu

Named cultivars selected for characteristics including variegation, flower color or form, and vegetative form are often referred to as 富貴蘭 (fūkiran) in Japan.

Description

Plants are 8–12 cm tall on monopodial stems of 1–6 cm. There are usually between 4 and 20 narrowly oblong-falcate (hence the epithet) leaves of 5–12 cm. that are leathery and sheathed at the base. The inflorescence, including flowers, is 5–8 cm. long, suberect, and carries as few as two, and as many as 10 fragrant, white flowers, each with a characteristic curved spur. 2n = 38.[2]

Ecology

V. falcata usually grows as an epiphyte on the branches and trunks of deciduous trees. Numerous whitish roots grow from the base of the plant, anchoring it to its host and collecting nutrients washed down from above. These roots are accustomed to excellent air movement. An adult in an optimal situation will produce numerous offsets.

Within V. falcata's range summer temperatures average 26–31 °C. during the day and 18–23 °C. at night. Average humidity is 80–85% in summer, and about 75% during the rest of the seasons. Plants receive heaviest rainfall during East Asian rainy season: June and July in southern Japan. Blooming time is usually synchronized with the monsoon, although plants may very occasionally bloom as late as December.[3]

Nomenclature and taxonomy

The type species was introduced to the West from Japan by Carl Peter Thunberg in 1784, and named Orchis falcata. For the next hundred years and more, the species was renamed and moved in and out of many of the Asian sarcanthoid genera. Finally, in 1925 H. H. Hu created Neofinetia as a monotypic genus.

History of cultivation

The first documented records of V. falcata appear during the Kanbun era (1661-1673) Japan, later reaching a peak in popularity during the middle of the Edo period with a marked increase in the number of cultivated varieties. At this time, because the numerous cultivated varieties of the species was primarily enjoyed by the daimyō and other citizens of “wealth and rank” (富貴, fūki), the cultivated varieties were given the new name of fūkiran (富貴蘭).[4]

Culture

V. falcata is a warm to cool grower. Plants may be mounted on slabs of cork or tree-fern fiber. In Japan, the custom is to grow them on a raised mound of sphagnum moss. The plants benefit from a cool, bright winter rest, and frequent watering when in growth.

Neofinetia falcata
Osaka Prefectural Flower Garden, Osaka, Japan
Neofinetia falcata 富貴蘭；朝日殿
Neofinetia falcata 富貴蘭；青海

Hybrids

(As listed by the RHS:[5])

  • Aeridofinetia Hiroshima Choice — Aerides flabellata × Neof. falcata, M.Kobayashi 1995
  • Aeridofinetia Pink Pearl — Aerides jarckiana × Neof. falcata, E.Iwanaga 1961
  • Aeridofinetia Tiny Tim — Aerides falcata × Neof. falcata, W.K.Nakamoto 1966
  • Aeridofinetia Suzuka Pearl — Neof. falcata × Aerides houlletiana, S.Katsuta 2007
  • Ascofinetia A. F. Buckman — Neof. falcata × Ascocentrum christensonianum, A.Buckman 2008
  • Ascofinetia Emly — Ascofinetia Peaches × Neof. falcata, E.Siegerist 1982
  • Ascofinetia Color Burst — Neof. falcata × Ascocentrum Sidhi Gold, L.Soule(Kultana) 2006
  • Ascofinetia Cherry Blossom — Neof. falcata × Ascocentrum ampullaceum, E.Iwanaga 1961
  • Ascofinetia Furuse — Neof. falcata × Ascocentrum pumilum, H.Furuse 1979
  • Ascofinetia Kaori — Neof. falcata × Ascofinetia Cherry Blossom, I.Mochizuki 1990
  • Ascofinetia Lion Star — Neof. falcata × Ascocentrum Sagarik Gold, L.Stern 1984
  • Ascofinetia Peaches — Neof. falcata × Ascocentrum curvifolium, E.Iwanaga 1962
  • Ascofinetia Twinkle — Neof. falcata × Ascocentrum miniatum, Rev.M.Yamada 1960
  • Ascofinetia Yellow Fuuran — Neof. falcata × Ascocentrum sp., O/U 2000
  • Chrisnetia Green Light — Christensonia vietnamica × Neof. falcata, Ching Hua 2008
  • Cleisofinetia Rumrill Cameo — Cleisocentron pallens × Neof. falcata, J.Rumrill 1987
  • Darwinara Charm — Neof. falcata × Vascostylis Tham Yuen Hae, Takaki O.N. 1987
  • Darwinara Fuchs Cream Puff — Neof. falcata × Vascostylis Five Friendships, R.F.Orchids 1995
  • Darwinara Pretty Girl — Neof. falcata × Vascostylis Jim Snider, Takaki O.N. 1989
  • Dorifinetia Little Cherry — Dorifinetia Pilialoha × Neof. falcata, Takaki O.N. 1989
  • Dorifinetia Pilialoha — Doritis pulcherrima × Neof. falcata, Mr/Mrs H.Starke (Y.Sagawa) 1975
  • Jisooara Jisco — Rhynchofadanda Porchina Blue × Neof. falcata, R.Perreira 1987
  • Hanesara Golden Beauty — Neof. falcata × Aeridachnis Bogor, J.Hanes 1977
  • Luinetia Rumrill — Neof. falcata × Luisia teres, J.Rumrill 1975
  • Mizunoara Pololei Sunset — Neof. falcata × Kagawara Christie Low, Haiku Maui (N.Mizuno) 2005
  • Nakamotoara Blanc — Ascocenda Charm × Neof. falcata, Rev.M.Yamada 1965
  • Nakamotoara Cherry Hill — Neof. falcata × Ascocenda Aroonsri Beauty, M.Sato 1990
  • Nakamotoara Dainty Delight — Ascocenda Ophelia × Neof. falcata, Rod McLellan Co. 1980
  • Nakamotoara Joyce Hands — Neof. falcata × Ascocenda Blue Boy, G.Hands(O/U) 2007
  • Nakamotoara Peach Mist — Neof. falcata × Ascocenda Karnda, Arnold J.Klehm 1997
  • Nakamotoara Thai Surprise — Ascocenda Peggy Foo × Neof. falcata, R.Griesbach (Bangkok Fl.Centre) 1996
  • Nakamotoara Rainbow Gem — Neof. falcata × Ascocenda Flambeau, Takaki O.N. 1989
  • Nakamotoara Selsal's Baby Blue — Neof. falcata × Ascocenda Blue Eyes, J.& I.Sellés 1995
  • Nakamotoara Wendy — Neof. falcata × Ascocenda Meda Arnold, W.K.Nakamoto 1964
  • Neofadenia Ucho — Neof. falcata × Seidenfadenia mitrata, S.Ichijyo (K.Nakatani) 1984
  • Neoglossum Rumrill Dilly — Neof. falcata × Ascoglossum calopterum, J.Rumrill 1989
  • Neograecum Conny Röllke — Neof. falcata × Angraecum scottianum, Röllke Orchzt. (G.Röllke) 1990
  • Neosedanda (Vandofinides) Purity — Vandirea Takagi × Neof. falcata, J.Rumrill 1980
  • Neosedirea Summer Stars — Neof. falcata × Sedirea japonica, H.Furuse 1979
  • Neostylis Baby Angel — Neof. falcata × Neostylis Lou Sneary, Takaki O.N. 1989
  • Neostylis Dainty — Neof. falcata × Rhynchostylis retusa, Elliott Flynn 1965
  • Neostylis Lou Sneary — Neof. falcata × Rhynchostylis coelestis, Hajime Ono 1970
  • Neostylis Pinky — Neof. falcata × Rhynchostylis gigantea, M.Kobayashi 1990
  • Parafinetia Crownfox Twinkle — Paraphalaenopsis serpentilingua × Neof. falcata, R.F. Orchids (Cheah Wah Sang) 2009
  • Phalanetia Anna Bettencourt — Neof. falcata × Phalaenopsis Veitchiana, Bettencourt 1988
  • Phalanetia Hoshizukiyo — Phalanetia Irene × Neof. falcata, T.Morie 2002
  • Phalanetia Irene — Neof. falcata × Phalaenopsis equestris, Y.Sagawa 1975
  • Phalanetia Koibotaru — Neof. falcata × Phalaenopsis schilleriana, T.Morie 2000
  • Phalanetia Pacifica — Neof. falcata × Phalaenopsis Chieftain, W.K.Nakamoto 1964
  • Renanetia Bali — Renanthera Brookie Chandler × Neof. falcata, E.Iwanaga 1962
  • Renanetia Sunrise — Neof. falcata × Renanthera imschootiana, Sak.Takagi 1967
  • Robifinetia Rumrill Vanguard — Robiquetia spathulata × Neof. falcata, J.Rumrill 1982
  • Rumrillara Salome — Rumrillara Rosyleen × Neof. falcata, J.Rumrill 1979
  • Sanjumeara Luke Neo — Neof. falcata × Perreiraara Luke Thai, T.Orchids (R.Viraphandhu) 1994
  • Vandofinetia Aspenwood Elf — Neof. falcata × Vanda Ben Berliner, I.Cohen (Lauralin) 1985
  • Vandofinetia Baby Star — Neof. falcata × Vandofinetia Pat Arcari, Takaki O.N. 1989
  • Vandofinetia Blaupunkt — Vanda coerulescens × Neof. falcata, J.Lindstrom (J.Dunkelberger) 1986
  • Vandofinetia Kelly's Cloud Catcher — Neof. falcata × Vanda Sally Roth, K.Hurley (Fournier) 2009
  • Vandofinetia Little Blossom — Neof. falcata × Vanda Miss Joaquim, Sak.Takagi 1967
  • Vandofinetia Nago Blue — Neof. falcata × Vanda Trevor Rathbone, E.Tamaki 1996
  • Vandofinetia Nara — Vanda Patou × Neof. falcata, Kirin Brew. (K.Takagi) 1992
  • Vandofinetia Oriental Beauty — Neof. falcata × Vanda Rothschildiana, Takaki O.N. 1987
  • Vandofinetia Oriental Star — Neof. falcata × Vanda Little Blue, Takaki O.N. 1989
  • Vandofinetia Pat Arcari — Vanda coerulea × Neof. falcata, Hajime Ono 1970
  • Vandofinetia Premier — Neof. falcata × Vanda lamellata, Rev.M.Yamada 1960
  • Vandofinetia Red Tide — Neof. falcata × Vanda Mystic Queen, Lauralin 1989
  • Vandofinetia Snow Dance — Vanda Pissamai × Neof. falcata, Suphachadiwong (Kultana) 1984
  • Vandofinetia Sweet Petite — Vanda Mimi Palmer × Neof. falcata, B.Thoms 1994
  • Vandofinetia Venus — Vandofinetia Premier × Neof. falcata, J.Rumrill 1984
  • Vandofinetia Virgil — Neof. falcata × Vanda cristata, Highland Trop. 1992
  • Vandofinetia White Crane — Vanda sanderiana × Neof. falcata, Exotic Orchids 2006
  • Wilkara Didit Finally — Asconopsis Irene Dobkin × Neof. falcata, C.Wilk 2003

Notes
  1. Mutant Flower Morphologies in the Wind Orchid, a Novel Orchid Model Species. Sascha Duttke, Nicholas Zoulias, Minsung Kim, Plant Physiology, doi:10.1104/pp.111.191643
  2. "178. NEOFINETIA" (PDF). Flora of China. 25: 483–484. 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  3. Baker, Charles & Margaret. "Neofinetia falcata culture sheet". Orchid Species Culture. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  4. Art of Tradition & Evolution: Fukiran. Japan: Tochinoha-Shobo. 2014. p. 6. ISBN 978-4-88616-310-3.
  5. "The Royal Horticultural Society". Archived from the original on 2004-10-27. Retrieved 2004-10-27.
gollark: Idea: political 5-cube using auth/lib, left/right, prog/con, and the metacompass axes.
gollark: Also, it should be the "political metacompass".
gollark: > 3-character indentation using SPACES in Lua sources: It makes rogue TABS easier to see, and lines up nicely with 'if' and 'end' keywords.accursed.
gollark: Since many political beliefs are correlated.
gollark: Politics is complicated and multidimensional and can't be conveniently reduced to 2 without losing something, but it conveys information.

References
  • Christenson, E. A. (1993). "Sarcanthine genera: 9. Neofinetia". American Orchid Society Bulletin. 62 (5): 494–495.
  • Cooper, R. (1983). "Neofinetia falcata". Journal of the Wellington Orchid Socitey. 6 (11): 222.
  • Dressler, Robert L. (1990). The Orchids: Natural History and Classification. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-87526-5.
  • Northen, Rebecca Tyson (1980). Miniature Orchids (Cultivation). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 978-99941-1-473-3.
  • Ohwi, Jisaburo (1965). Flora of Japan. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Sheehan T., Sheehan M. (1983). "Orchid genera, illustrated: 91. Neofinetia". American Orchid Society Bulletin. 52 (1): 48–49.
  • Suzuki, K. (1985). "Japanese Orchids - Neofinetia falcata and Ponerorchis graminifolia". American Orchid Society Bulletin. 54 (3): 277.
  • Thunberg, Carl Peter (1784). Flora Japonica. Uppsala.
  • Venter, H. J. (1997). "Mighty miniatures: no.19. Neofinetia falcata". South African Orchid Journal. 28 (4): 131.
  • 『伝承と進化の美：富貴蘭』栃の葉書房 (2014)
  • 『古典園芸植物　種類と作り方』ガーデンライフ編／誠文堂新光社 (1982)
  • 『趣味の古典園芸植物』主婦の友社 (1975)
  • 『総合種苗ガイド3　古典園芸植物編』誠文堂新光社 (1967)

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