Ultrafast x-ray

Ultrafast x-rays or ultrashort X-ray pulses are femtosecond x-ray pulses with wavelengths occurring at interatomic distances. This beam uses the X-ray's inherent abilities to interact at the level of atomic nuclei and core electrons. This ability combined with the shorter pulses at 30 femtosecond could capture the change in position of atoms, or molecules during phase transitions, chemical reactions, and other transient processes in physics, chemistry, and biology.[1][2]

Fundamental transitions and processes

Ultrafast X-ray diffraction (time-resolved X-ray diffraction) can surpass ultrashortpulse visible techniques, which are limited to detecting structures on the level of valence and free electrons. Ultrashortpulse x-ray techniques are able to resolve atomic scales, where dynamic structural changes and reactions occur in the interior of a material.[3][4][5]

gollark: Anyway. People can probably work together in self-organizing small groups using social mechanisms, sure. *But* you're limited to Dunbar's number - about 150 people - and larger scale coordination than that is necessary.
gollark: I don't really know our family income so I can't compare that against the countrywide distribution.
gollark: Eh, upper middle maybe.
gollark: ···
gollark: But scale to bigger ones and you need actual conflict resolution mechanisms, because you can't just fallback to social stuff for it.

See also

References
  1. Yarris, Lynn (August 27, 1993). "LBL Beam Test Facility to Yield Ultrafast X-Rays". Ultrafast X-ray diffraction. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Retrieved 2011-07-08.
  2. Corlett, John (August 6, 2010). "Overview of X-Ray FEL R&D at LBNL" (PDF). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. pp. 3, 4, 5. Retrieved 2011-07-08.
  3. Siders, C. W.; Cavalleri, A; Sokolowski-Tinten, K; Tóth, C; Guo, T; Kammler, M; Horn Von Hoegen, M; Wilson, KR; et al. (1999). "Detection of Nonthermal Melting by Ultrafast X-ray Diffraction" (PDF). Science. 286 (5443): 1340–1342. doi:10.1126/science.286.5443.1340. PMID 10558985. Free PDF download.
  4. Rose-Petruck, Christoph; Jimenez, Ralph; Guo, Ting; Cavalleri, Andrea; Siders, Craig W.; Rksi, Ferenc; Squier, Jeff A.; Walker, Barry C.; et al. (March 25, 1999). "Picosecond–milliångström lattice dynamics measured by ultrafast X-ray diffraction" (PDF). Nature. 398 (6725): 310–312. Bibcode:1999Natur.398..310R. doi:10.1038/18631. Free PDF download.
  5. Zamponi, F.; Ansari, Z.; Woerner, M.; Elsaesser, T. (2010). "Femtosecond powder diffraction with a laser-driven hard X-ray source" (PDF). Optics Express. 18 (2): 947–61. Bibcode:2010OExpr..18..947Z. doi:10.1364/OE.18.000947. PMID 20173917. Free PDF download.

Further reading

Rose-Petruck, Christoph; et al. (March 25, 1999). "Figure 1". Nature. 398 (6725): 310–312. Bibcode:1999Natur.398..310R. doi:10.1038/18631.

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