Ulmus × hollandica 'Belgica'

The hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus × hollandica 'Belgica', one of a number of hybrids arising from the crossing of Wych Elm (Ulmus glabra) with a variety of Field Elm (Ulmus minor), was reputedly raised in the nurseries of the Abbey of the Dunes (Abdij Ten Duinen), Veurne (later removed to Bruges), in 1694.[1] Popular throughout Belgium and the Netherlands in the 19th century both as an ornamental and as a shelter-belt tree,[2][3] it was the 'Hollandse iep' (:'Dutch elm') in these countries, as distinct from the tree known as 'Dutch Elm' in Great Britain and Ireland since the 17th century: Ulmus × hollandica 'Major'.[3] In Francophone Belgium it was known as orme gras de Malines.[2]

Ulmus × hollandica 'Belgica'
'Belgica', Amsterdam (2004)
Hybrid parentageU. glabra × U. minor
Cultivar'Belgica'
OriginBelgium

'Belgica' arose in the same hybridization zone that produced 'Ypreau' (possibly synonymous with 'Major'), 'Klemmer' and 'Dumont', among other elm cultivars.[4]

Description

'Belgica' has a broad crown supported by a straight, rough-barked stem. Unusually thriving on poor sandy soils, it proved one of the fastest-growing elms in Europe, typically achieving heights of < 40 m. The obovate to elliptic leaves are < 12 cm long by 5 cm wide, and terminate at the apex as a long, serrated point. 'Belgica' was prized, among other reasons, for its "ease and grace of twigs and foliage".[5]

  • 'Belgica' avenue in the Netherlands (2007)
  • Bole of 'Belgica'
  • 'Belgica' leaves

Pests and diseases

Very susceptible to Dutch elm disease, it was the loss of this particular elm more than any other to the earlier strain of the disease which initiated the Dutch elm breeding programme in 1928.[6] In trials of Dutch clones, past and present, conducted at Wageningen in 2008 and 2009, 'Belgica' exhibited 89% defoliation eight weeks after inoculation.[7]'Belgica' is also very vulnerable to verticillium wilt.[8]

Cultivation

'Belgica' was planted in great numbers along roads, streets and canals in the Low Countries,[9] and also in squares, parks and gardens.[10] Its popularity and its aesthetic qualities are evidenced in photographic records of the Netherlands from the late 19th century to c.1920.[11][12] It is still present in there in smaller numbers.[13] 'Belgica's "rapid growth even on poor soils and its good resistance to wind and atmospheric pollution" made it an ideal choice for shelter-belt planting.[14]

The Späth nursery of Berlin supplied an U. montana [× hollandica] belgica to the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Canada in 1896,[15] and one to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902.[16] U. Belgica, 'Belgian Elm', "of rapid growth and fine spreading shape", appears from the 1870s in the catalogues of the Mount Hope Nursery (also known as Ellwanger and Barry) of Rochester, New York,[17] and later in the catalogues of Kelsey's, New York.[18] The cultivar has been introduced to arboreta in North America (see under Accessions). Young specimens were said to be "flourishing" in Arnold Arboretum in 1915.[19] There is no record of its introduction to Australasia.

  • 'Belgica', Heerengracht, Amsterdam (1902)
  • 'Belgica' near Rochefort, Belgium (1904), 9 feet (2.7 m) in girth at 48 years [2]:p.1871
  • 'Belgica' avenue, the Netherlands
  • 'Belgica', Zuid-Willemsvaart canal, the Netherlands
  • 'Belgica', Kampernieuwstad, the Netherlands (1968)
  • Rooted 'Belgica' cuttings

Notable trees

The Oudemanhuispoort 'Belgica' in Amsterdam, planted in 1895, is the largest elm in the Netherlands, with a height of 34.6 m and a girth of 4.4 m.[20] The UK TROBI champion tree grows at Dyke Park Road in Brighton, measuring 17 m high by 92 cm d.b.h. in 2009, one of nine trees forming part of the NCCPG Collection (see under Accessions).

In art
Johannes Karel Christiaan Klinkenberg, 'Amsterdam' [1890], with 'Belgica' elms

The columnar boles, high-arching branches and graceful foliage of 'Belgica' elms ('Hollandse iepen') beside canals and streets in the Netherlands are celebrated in many of the paintings and drawings of the Dutch artist Karel Klinkenberg (1852–1924).[21]

Synonymy

Hybrid cultivars

An unnamed cultivar of the same parentage stood in Zuiderpark, The Hague, in the mid-20th century.[23][24]

Varieties

Augustine Henry considered the once widely planted elm cultivar U. × hollandica 'Dumont' to be a variety of 'Belgica', calling it Ulmus belgica var. Dumontii.[25]

Accessions
North America
Europe
  • Brighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG Elm Collection.[26] Examples planted at Dudeney Lodge, Dyke Road Park and Donald Hall Road.
  • Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 1145.
  • Wijdemeren city council, Netherlands. Elm collection, five trees planted 2018 ‘s-Gravelandsevaartweg, Loosdrecht

Nurseries
gollark: UG ASTs encoded in JSON, yes.
gollark: The answer is, as always, JSON.
gollark: And what if we find that there *is* a universal grammar, and then I devise a language which breaks it, and teach it to people via orbital mind control lasers?
gollark: Yes, but I read about that somewhere else.
gollark: I mean, there are weird languages out there. I think there are some which have no concept of relative direction, which makes people weirdly good at knowing which way they're facing.

References
  1. Meulemans, M.; Parmentier, C. (1983). Burdekin, D.A. (ed.). "Studies on Ceratocystis ulmi in Belgium" (PDF). Forestry Commission Bulletin (Research on Dutch Elm Disease in Europe). London: HMSO (60): 86–95.
  2. Elwes, Henry John; Henry, Augustine (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. 7. pp. 1869–1871.
  3. Richens, R. H., Elm, Cambridge 1983
  4. Elwes & Henry, p.1870
  5. Heybroek, Hans M. (1983). Burdekin, D.A. (ed.). "Resistant elms for Europe" (PDF). Forestry Commission Bulletin (Research on Dutch Elm Disease in Europe). London: HMSO (60): 108–113.
  6. Heybroek, H.M. (1993). "The Dutch Elm Breeding Program". In Sticklen, Mariam B.; Sherald, James L. (eds.). Dutch Elm Disease Research. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag. pp. 16–25. ISBN 978-1-4615-6874-2. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  7. Buiteveld, J. et al. (2013). 'Comparison of commercial elm cultivars and promising unreleased Dutch clones for resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi'. iForest8 (2015): 158-164.
  8. Pegg, G. F. & Brady, B. L. (2002). Verticillium Wilts. CABI Publishing. ISBN 0-85199-529-2
  9. Photographs of Ulmus x hollandica 'Belgica' in Amsterdam and rural Holland
  10. Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs. (1977). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, UK
  11. La Hollande illustrée, Librairie Larousse, Paris 1908
  12. www.bontehoek.nl
  13. 'Trees in maintenance, City of Amsterdam', maps.amsterdam.nl
  14. Bean, W. J. (1988) Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 8th edition, Murray, London; p.647
  15. Saunders, William; Macoun, William Tyrrell (1899). Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm (2 ed.). pp. 74–75.
  16. Accessions book. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1902. pp. 45, 47.
  17. 'Descriptive Catalogue of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, etc.', no.2, Mount Hope Nursery, New York, 1871; p.6
  18. General catalogue, 1904 : choice hardy trees, shrubs, evergreens, roses, herbaceous plants, fruits, etc. New York: Frederick W. Kelsey. 1904. p. 18.
  19. 'Bulletin of popular information', Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, 23 July 1915, p.56
  20. The Oudemanhuispoort elm in Amsterdam (photographs 8 and 9) ; photograph of columnar bole of the Oudemanhuispoort elm (to right of entrance)
  21. Johannes Christiaan Karel Klinkenberg
  22. RBGE Accessions book, 1902
  23. U. pumila var. arborea × Ulmus × hollandica 'Belgica' bioportal.naturalis.nl, specimen, L.1587053, leaves
  24. U. pumila var. arborea × Ulmus × hollandica 'Belgica' bioportal.naturalis.nl, specimen, L.1587051, samarae
  25. Henry & Elwes, p.1871
  26. "List of plants in the {elm} collection". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
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