Naftogaz

Naftogaz of Ukraine (Ukrainian: НАК "Нафтогаз України", Naftogaz Ukrayiny; literally "Petro-Gas of Ukraine") is the national oil and gas company of Ukraine. It is a state-owned company[4] subordinated to the Government of Ukraine.[5] The company is involved with extraction, transportation, and refinement of natural gas and crude oil.[6]

Naftogaz of Ukraine
Native name
Нафтогаз України
National joint-stock company
IndustryOil and gas
Founded1991 (1991) (Founded, as Ukrgasprom)
1998 (1998) (Current form)[1]
FounderMinistry of Energy
Headquarters
Kyiv
,
Ukraine
Key people
Andriy Kobolyev (CEO)[2]
ProductsNatural gas, crude oil, condensate, petrol
ServicesPipeline transportation, oil production, gas production, municipal heating
Revenue €8.163 billion (2018)[3]
€368.41 million (2018)[3]
Total assets €19.228 billion (2018)[3]
Total equity €13.181 billion (2018)[3]
OwnerGovernment of Ukraine
Number of employees
68,386 (2018)[3]
ParentMinistry of Energy and Coal Mining
DivisionsMining and refinery, transportation, distribution
SubsidiariesSubsidiaries
Websitenaftogaz.com, naftogaz-europe.com

Ukraine's system of trunk natural gas pipelines and underground natural gas depots is operated by Ukrtransgaz, a subsidiary of Naftogaz.[7] As of 2009, the company had 38,200 km of high pressure gas transit pipelines and more than 30 billion cubic meters of gas storage capacity. This major gas infrastructure located between Russia and the European Union has led the company to feature prominently in regional politics. Another subsidiary of Naftogaz, Gas of Ukraine, is responsible for domestic gas distribution to the local district heating companies.[8]

Naftogaz is a major Ukrainian employer with 68,386 employees (as of 2018). The former pwc management consultant Andriy Kobolyev took over as CEO after the 2014 Ukrainian revolution tasked with reducing the country's dependence on Russian gas and reforming the company's business practices.

History

1991–1998: Ukrgasprom

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, oil and gas industry of Ukraine governed by Derzhnaftogasprom went through number of changes.[9] The National Commission for State Regulation of Energy (NKRE) was giving out certification for gas trading to anyone without order ignoring the Derzhnaftogasprom.[9] Guided by decisions of the First Vice-Prime Minister (on Fuel and Energy Complex) Pavlo Lazarenko, licenses were given to such companies like United Energy Systems of Ukraine (EESU), Intergas, Olgas,[10] International Trading Energy Resources Association[11] (ITERA), Ukrzakordonnaftogas, Ukrgasprom, Motor Sich, and Donetsk Oblast factories (later those formed the Industrial Union of Donbas).[9][12]

In the early 1990s, there was privatization of gas distribution regional network known as "oblgaz" belonging to "Ukrgas".[9] The process took place unnoticed and when Naftogas was constituted, not all privately owned distributors wanted to transfer their own stocks to the statutory fund of the National Joint Stock Company.[9] Along with the gas distribution network in the same way there were privatized enterprises of petroleum products provision including filling station and fuel repositories that belonged to "Ukrnaftoprodukt".[9] The whole petroleum products retail network had to be created by Naftogaz from zero.[9]

The predecessor of Naftogas is "Ukrgasprom".[13][9]

On 28 January 1995 after discussion with government the condition of agreements realization in provision for Ukraine gas imported from Russia and Turkmenistan, the head of "Ukrgasprom" Bohdan Kliuk was dismissed from his post on decision of the Cabinet of Ministers.[14] Bohdan Kliuk who was appointed on 6 December 1994, on 19 December 1994 signed an agreement with "Gazprom" on distribution of gas for Ukraine under disadvantageous conditions.[14] The issue with Kliuk provided Bakai with an argument to create Naftogas.[15]

1998–2014

The company was founded in 1998 after previously being named Ukrgazprom.[1] The main initiators who created the company were Ihor Didenko and Ihor Bakai (better known as Igor Bakai).[9][16] The last one was the first deputy chairman of the Ukrainian State Committee on Oil and Gas. Before Naftogaz, both Bakai and Didenko worked for other gas trading companies "Republic Corporation" and "Intergas".[9][16]

At the end of 1990s, Ukraine was consuming a record of 75 billion m3 per year which was the fourth indicator in the world and seemed strange to say the least considering that the country was not part of the top 20 in GDP volume.[17] Eighteen billion m3 were mined inside Ukraine by Naftogas along with some joint enterprises such as "Poltavska Naftogasova Kompania", Plast, Ukrnaftogastekhnologia and others.[17] All the gas that was mined by Naftogas and received through transit in obligatory order was being sold to population and state organizations.[17] The remaining volume of natural gas, Ukraine was receiving from Russia as part of payment for transit or was buying from Turkmenistan.[17] That gas was sold to industrial enterprises or was being re-exported.[17]

Also, instead of investing more funds in geological exploration for the Ukrgasprom, its money was used to patch budget and foreign debts holes, which led to decrease in mining of hydrocarbons and decline of industry.[9] Most of oil refineries were sold out to Russian companies.[9] The only refinery that belongs to Naftogas is Shebelynsky Gas Refinery which Naftogas controls through Ukrgasvydobuvannia.[9] Ukraine never had enough mined oil resources capable to provide for oil refining capacity that Ukraine inherited from the Soviet Union.[9] Most successful in oil mining is Ukrnafta, however recently Chornomornaftogas had more and more plans to develop newly found deposits.[9]

Before 2001 Ukraine had two state enterprises in transportation of oil "Main oil pipeline "Druzhba" and "Cisdnieper main oil pipeline".[9] The pipelines were often used by Russian companies, but after Ukraine built connecting pipeline Odessa – Brody (Black Sea coast – West Ukraine) Russian companies installed an alternative pipe route Sukhodolnaya–Rodionovskaya.[9]

In 2001 several Ukrainian parliamentarians made inquiry to the Prosecutor's General Office, Tax Agency, and Security Service requesting to open a criminal case against the head of Presidential Administration Volodymyr Lytvyn, the former chairman of Naftogaz Ihor Bakai, the administration chairmen of joint-stock company "Ukrgasprom" Bohdan Kliuk, the director of state enterprise "Ukrgasprom" Illia Fik, and others.[18] Those parliamentarians were Hryhoriy Omelchenko, Anatoliy Yermak, and Viktor Shyshkin.

As of 31 December 2008, Naftogaz with its subsidiaries had a total of 172,000 employees.[19] Naftogaz received more than $6 billion of subsidies in domestic bonds from 2009 to 2012 as regulated gas prices and expensive Russian energy imports led to heavy losses.[20]

2014–present
See also: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes

In August 2014, Ukrtransgaz, the operator of the Ukrainian gas transport system, along with its Slovakian counterpart "Eustream", launched natural gas supplies from Slovakia to Ukraine after signing a Memo of mutual understanding in April.[21] This initiative was driven by Russia’s decision in June to cease gas supplies to Ukraine in retaliation for the country seeking closer ties with the European Union. By launching reverse flows, Ukraine claims it is seeking no concessions – only implementation of existing EU law on EU territory. The Third Energy Package was proposed by the European Commission in 2007 and adopted by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in July 2009. This legislation clearly allows for gas to be traded like other commodities, thus creating a more efficient market which is less vulnerable to political pressure. In October 2014 the EU further committed to better connecting its energy grids, saying countries should be able to export 15% of their generation capacity by 2030.[22] The consultancy firm Strategy& (formerly Booz & Co) believes the EU could save €40bn a year by 2030 if it integrates its energy grids.[23]

Slovakia can provide more gas than Ukraine needs. In 2013, Ukraine imported 25.8bcm. Slovakia could provide Ukraine with 30bcm. Ukraine is asking that the EU fully support west-to-east exports to Ukraine, which would eliminate the scope for Russia to use gas as a weapon to achieve its political aims in Ukraine.[24] Norway’s energy giant Statoil began transiting gas eastwards from Slovakia in 2014,[25] and Shell began in 2015.[26]

In response to the reverse flows initiative, Russia has cut supplies to central and eastern European countries, seeking to prevent exports to Ukraine.[27] In September, Hungary stopped supplying gas to Ukraine, days after a meeting between Hungarian Prime Minister Orban and Gazprom’s CEO.[28] Gazprom charges widely different prices to different European countries, which many believe is based on Russia’s political goals in the region.[29]

Ukraine is seeking arbitration from the "Stockholm Chamber of Commerce" to fairly assess past debts between the two countries and to establish a fair basis of future operations.[30]

Since April 2014, Ukraine is the only non-EU country to voluntarily publish its volume in storage facilities on the EU transparency platform of Gas Storage Europe (GIE). The company also publishes data on the amount of gas entering and leaving the country.

In November 2014, Ukrtransgaz, the operator of Ukraine’s gas transportation system, began posting daily statistics on the information platform of the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas (ENTSOG). Also, the same year Naftogaz launched a new website in order to showcase its transparency initiatives. In March 2018, "Naftogaz" won a trial against Russian Gazprom for shortened gas supplies before the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce, and was set to receive net amount of $2.56 billion.[31]

As of 31 December 2017, Naftogaz has around 72,000 employees and annual revenue of €7.443 billion.[32] Of total revenue, €2.908 billion (39.07%) is generated from oil and gas production, €2.415 billion (32.45%) from oil and gas transit, €1.137 billion (15.28%) from oil transmission and sales and €817 million (10.98%) is generated from gas transmission and sales.[32] Also, a total transit volume in 2017 stood at six-year maximum of 93 billion cubic meters.[32] The transit contract between the Naftogaz and Gazprom is set to expire in December 2019, after which Ukraine will cease to be the main transit country of Russian gas to the European Union countries.[33]

In April 2019, the Chinese Sinosure agreed to loan $1 billion in insurance coverage to Naftogaz.[34]

Structure

As of 31 December 2017, the Naftogaz has ownership shares in the following companies:[35][32]

Production and refinery
  • UkrGasVydobuvannya (UGV) (100%), a subsidiary
  • Zakordonnaftogaz (100%), a subsidiary
  • Ukrnafta (50% + 1), open joint-stock association
  • Petrosannan Company (50%), Egypt-based joint-stock association
  • Carpatygaz LLC (49.99%), joint-stock association
  • Chornomornaftogaz, state joint-stock association, currently under control of the Russian authorities after the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea

Transportation
  • Ukrtransgaz (100%), a subsidiary
  • Ukrtransnafta (100%), open joint-stock association
  • Ukrspetstransgaz (100%), state joint-stock association

Wholesale and distribution
  • Gaz Ukraiiny (100%), a subsidiary
  • Naftogaz Trading Europe S.A (100%), Swiss based company
  • Kirovohradgaz (100%)
  • Ukravtogaz (100%)

Subsidiary enterprises
  • Vuhlesyntezgaz Ukraiiny (100%)
  • Naftogaz-Energoservice (100%)

International activities

Ukraine now plays a vital role in both the storage and transit of gas in Europe and in improving EU energy security. Ukraine has the largest storage capacity in Europe, which enables the country and its European partners to accumulate over 30 bcm of gas during summer periods when prices are lowest. Ukraine is also strategically placed to play the role of a transit hub. Its interconnectors have the ability to transfer gas from central Europe to South-Eastern Europe, which is the most exposed region to Russia's gas monopoly. Naftogaz asserts that ensuring gas flows freely will significantly improve the liquidity and the stability of the EU market, making it more resilient to political pressure.

The company drills for oil in the Western Desert in Egypt. On December 13, 2006, Naftogaz and the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation had signed an agreement on the exploration and development of oil and gas deposits on the eastern territory of Alam El Shawish East in the Western Egyptian desert.[36] In 2014 Naftogaz began natural gas extraction in Egypt. The company's oil production in Egypt estimated at 260,000 tonnes for 2014, which is more than 10% of annual production in Ukraine. A new natural gas pipeline allowing for extraction of approximately 300,000 cubic meters per day has also been launched .

Criticism

Naftogaz has been seen as one of the biggest sources of corruption in Ukraine for years with many of the country's billionaires having acquired much of their wealth through gas arbitrage based on differences between the prices of Russian gas imports, gas exports to the EU and government energy subsidies to homes and businesses.[20][37][38][39]

In October 2014, George Soros named Naftogaz to be "a black hole in the budget and a major source of corruption" and called for a radical reform of the company, which could "totally eliminate Ukraine's dependence on Russia for gas".[37] Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty produced a short documentary entitled "The Palaces of Ukraine's Oil and Gas Men" about the homes of Naftogaz management during the presidency of Viktor Yanukovych, who was overthrown in 2014.[40]

In October 2019, Naftogaz got caught up in the impeachment proceedings against President Donald Trump in the US, when news broke that a group of businessmen with allegedly close ties to the President and his personal lawyer, Rudy Giuliani, intervened in an attempt to change the management of Naftogaz.[41] An Associated Press report reveals how businessmen Lev Parnas, Igor Fruman and Harry Sargeant III allegedly attempted to replace Naftogaz CEO, Andriy Kobolyev, and sought to broker a deal to sell their own natural gas to the company.[42]

Directors

Directors of the company since 1998:

  • 1998–2000 Ihor Bakai[17]
  • 2000–2000 Vasyl Rozghonyuk (acting)[43]
  • 2000–2000 Ihor Didenko
  • 2000–2002 Vadym Kopylov
  • 2002–2005 Yuriy Boyko
  • 2005–2006 Oleksiy Ivchenko
  • 2006–2006 Oleksiy Bolkisyev
  • 2006–2007 Volodymyr Sheludchenko
  • 2007–2007 Yevhen Bakulin
  • 2007–2010 Oleh Dubyna
  • 2010–2014 Yevhen Bakulin
  • 2014–present Andriy Kobolyev
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See also

References
  1. "Перевірка". Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  2. Ukraine Ready to Pay $4 Billion for Gas If Russia Cuts Price , Bloomberg News (15 May 2014)
  3. "ANNUAL REPORT 2018" (PDF). naftogaz.com. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  4. Ukraine sets gas offer but wants no middleman, Reuters (7-1-2009)
  5. http://www.unian.info/economics/1535422-cabinet-gains-control-over-naftogaz.html
  6. Laws of Ukraine. Cabinet of Ministers order No. 747: On foundation of National joint-stock company "Naftogas of Ukraine". Adopted on 1998-05-29. (Ukrainian)
  7. Natural gas transit through Ukraine down 24.8% year on year, Kyiv Post (November 16, 2009)
  8. Gaz Ukrainy demands urgent payment of debts of heat supply companies, Kyiv Post (October 14, 2009)
  9. Yeromenko, A. "Naftogas of Ukraine": Brief history in events and personalities («НАФТОГАЗ УКРАЇНИ»: КОРОТКА ІСТОРІЯ В ПОДІЯХ ТА ОСОБАХ). Mirror Weekly. 23 May 2003
  10. The piranha of murky business – 2 (ПИРАНЬЯ МУТНОГО БИЗНЕСА — 2). Ukrayina Kryminalna. 29 July 2004
  11. Richard Pomfret. The Central Asian Economies in the Twenty-First Century: Paving a New Silk Road.
  12. Oleh Lutsenko. Power {in}security of Ukraine (Енергетична (не)безпека України). The Ukrainian Week. 25 July 2011
  13. The London court confirmed the Naftogas penalty of $25 million (Лондонский суд подтвердил взыскание с Нафтогаза $25 млн). RIA Novosti. 29 February 2012
  14. Ivan Gonta. Now, already former chief of "Ukrgasprom": "I am not a politician, I'm engineer..." (УЖЕ БЫВШИЙ НАЧАЛЬНИК «УКРГАЗПРОМА»: «Я НЕ ПОЛИТИК, Я ИНЖЕНЕР...»). Mirror Weekly. 3 February 1995
  15. Oleg Gavrish. The Oil-and-Gas schemes of the President. Part 2. Gas (Нефтегазовые схемы Президента. Часть 2. Газ). Ukrayinska Pravda. 19 April 2005
  16. US embassy cables: Gas supplies linked to Russian mafia. The Guardian. 10 December 2008
  17. Havrysh, O. Oil and gas schemes of the President. Part 2. Gas (Нефтегазовые схемы Президента. Часть 2. Газ). Ukrayinska Pravda. 19 April 2005
  18. Andrei Kapustin. In the Ukraine never gets boring (На Украине скучно не бывает). Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 21 December 2001
  19. "National Joint-Stock Company "Naftogas of Ukraine"" (PDF). ise.ie. 5 November 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  20. Krasnolutska, Daryna; Choursina, Kateryna (August 2, 2013). "Naftogaz Subsidies Bleed Ukraine as President's Options Wane". Bloomberg. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  21. en.itar-tass.com/economy/747723
  22. www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/490885ec-5b14-11e4-8625-00144feab7de.html#axzz3HM5FEtCS
  23. www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b8727392-592b-11e4-a722-00144feab7de.html#axzz3HM5FEtCS
  24. rt.com/business/168408-ukraine-begs-reverse-gas-eu
  25. Reuters Editorial (3 October 2014). "Norway's Statoil sells gas to Ukraine's Naftogaz". Reuters. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  26. "REFILE-UPDATE 2-Shell starts gas supplies to Ukraine". Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  27. www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/10/poland-russia-gas-supply-cut-gazprom-tensions-ukraine
  28. www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/26/hungary-suspends-gas-supplies-ukraine-pressure-moscow
  29. www.rferl.org/contentinfographics/gazprom-russia-gas-leverage-europe/25441983.html
  30. www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/16/ukraine-crisis-naftogaz-court-idUSL5N0OX21G20140616
  31. Ash, Timothy (1 March 2018). "Ukraine Scores Major Win over Russia and Gazprom". atlanticcouncil.org. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  32. "ANNUAL REPORT 2017" (PDF). naftogaz.com. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  33. Pirani, Simon; Yafimova, Katja. "Russian Gas Transit Across Ukraine Post-2019 – pipeline scenarios, gas flow consequences, and regulatory constraints". oxfordenergy.org. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  34. Polityuk, Pavel (2 April 2019). "Ukraine's Naftogaz gets Chinese backing for $1 bln in loans and investment". reuters.com. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  35. (in Russian) Short bio, Liga.net
  36. Naftogaz Ukrainy Starts Production Of Oil From Extension Well In Egypt, Ukrainian News Agency (February 24, 2009)
  37. Soros, George (October 23, 2014). "Wake Up, Europe". The New York Review. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  38. Stack, Graham. "Massive corruption at Ukraine's Naftogaz funnelled through western banks". Eurasian Development Bank. Istanbul. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  39. Daly, John (21 October 2012). "Ukraine's Corruption Plagued Naftogaz Loses Monopoly". OilPrice.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  40. www.rferl.org/media/video/ukraine-elections-oligarchs-palaces-reissue/26653954.html
  41. "How a Ukrainian Gas Company Wound Up in the Middle of Trump's Impeachment Drama". Time. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  42. "Profit, not politics: Trump allies sought Ukraine gas deal". AP NEWS. 2019-10-07. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  43. Alla Yeriomenko. "Naftogaz Ukrayiny": Brief history in events and persons («НАФТОГАЗ УКРАЇНИ»: КОРОТКА ІСТОРІЯ В ПОДІЯХ ТА ОСОБАХ). Mirror Weekly. 23 May 2003
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