Ugandan space initiatives

The development of Ugandan space initiatives has been largely shaped by that country's position on the equator. Its history is marked by an early unrealistic proposal for a full-fledged space program and significant involvement in issues of space law.

Conditions

As one of only a handful of equatorial states, Uganda is ideally sited for a spaceport to launch satellites into geostationary orbit, but this option has never been pursued because of political instability in the country.[1] The closest regional facility, and the only one ever active in East Africa, is the Italian-owned Broglio Space Centre located off the coast of neighboring Kenya.

Uganda has never acquired any ballistic missile capability, the usual precursor to booster development. The only state in sub-Saharan Africa to ever do so was South Africa, which developed the RSA-3 and RSA-4 missiles in the 1980s, but, after the end of the apartheid regime, cancelled its nuclear weapons and later its ballistic missile programs by 1993.[2]

Space law

Uganda joined the first two international space law treaties, ratifying the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty on March 24, 1964, and acceding to the Outer Space Treaty on April 24, 1968. It was not, however, a party to the later Rescue Agreement of 1968, the Liability Convention of 1972, the Registration Convention of 1976 or the Moon Treaty of 1984.

Uganda was one of eight equatorial states that adopted the Bogotá Declaration on December 3, 1976, which seemingly contradicted the Outer Space Treaty, but asserted that geostationary orbit was not "outer space" and constitutes national territory.[3]

Idi Amin era

When President Idi Amin came to power in a 1971 coup (at the Space Race climax of the Apollo lunar landings), he shortly thereafter announced an impossibly optimistic human spaceflight program, that never progressed beyond an attempt at astronaut training on an obstacle course made up of used automobile tires.[4] In June 1999, this effort received dubious recognition as one of the Time 100 magazine feature's "100 Worst Ideas of the Century".[5]

Idi Amin's government also developed an interest in UFO activity, and he even claimed to have personally witnessed a UFO over Lake Victoria in 1973.[6] In 1971, at the beginning of his regime, United Nations ambassador Grace Ibingira advocated an early form of post-detection policy to prevent Cold War provocation of hostilities with UFOs.[7] Near the end of the Amin era, Uganda also became the only other country to support Eric Gairy of Grenada's efforts for UN recognition of the phenomenon with a dedicated agency and declaring 1978 as the International Year of UFOs.[8]

Modern government effort

At the September 1996 Conference on Small Satellites: Missions and Technology in Madrid, Spain, informal proposals were raised for a Ugandan microsatellite project.[9] At the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held in Vienna July 1999, Semakula Kiwanuka said "space technology is a powerful tool for accelerating national development" and pointed out the benefits a space program would have for his country.[10] There have also been proposals for space science to be introduced at Mbarara University of Science & Technology.[11]

Space technology for a country like Uganda would be most relevant in the fields of environmental Earth observation satellites and communications. Uganda sent two representatives, Samuel Edward Sekunda of the Department of Meteorology and Yafesi Okia of the Department of Lands and Surveys, to the Regional Workshop on the Use of Space Technology for Outer Space Affairs organized by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in July 2002.[12] Joel Arumadri of the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) represented Uganda at the April 2004 Regional Workshop on the Use of Space Technology for Natural Resources Management, Environmental Monitoring and Disaster Management in Khartoum, Sudan.[13]

The Department of Meteorology has been directly active in the communications use of space technology, running the Radio and Internet (RANET) program, which allows rural communities to access government internet forecasts through WorldSpace satellite radio[14] from 2001-2009.[15]

President Yoweri Museveni has spoken in favor of a regional East African approach to future human spaceflight.[16][17]

Amateur effort

The African Space Research Program is a private volunteer space advocacy group that has pursued a DIY aviation program, with the goal of simulating and preparing for eventual spaceflight. The team was founded by Chris Nsamba after he collaborated on a homebuilt aircraft project in the United States, and resolved to build the first Ugandan-designed homebuilt (the "African Skyhawk") upon his return. Nsamba believes it will be capable of flying at an altitude of 80,000 ft. The aircraft is being put together, with the help of 600 volunteers, in Nsamba's mother's backyard in Ntinda, a suburb of Kampala.[18]

The group has also built a "Cadimalla Space Observer",[19] for aerial photography, which they plan to send up with a high-altitude balloon. Jinja Airport is planned to be used for these efforts.

Nsamba, has developed ambitious plans for an eventual spaceplane (the "Dynacraft Spaceship") to send to orbit by 2017, and has also taken on the responsibility of training his volunteers, drawing on his background as a student of astronomy. When asked how he would simulate the effects of zero-gravity, Nsamba said: "I've got a jet engine on order so I'm planning to build a tunnel, put the engine at one end and when I throw a guy in he'll float in a similar way to how he would in space."[20]

The program has been sustained by donations from around the world, and from 2011, funding has also been supplied by the Ugandan government. A spokesman for the Department of Science and Technology said: "I applaud their ambition ... It provides an opportunity for Africans in general and Ugandans in particular to participate in space science and research instead of being spectators." Flight engineers from the Civil Aviation Authority have been assigned to review and advise the team.[21] However, the head of safety at the Civil Aviation Authority subsequently reported to a Parliamentary science committee that all space activities are illegal in Uganda.

gollark: It also apparently doesn't work very well.
gollark: I think that's generally called "adjusting for confounders".
gollark: I like how they naively assumed that naming conventions made sense and magnetic fields were shortened to "M fields".
gollark: Cancer is widely considered not good.
gollark: Joe Biden contains particles, after all.

See also

References
  1. Kempton, Daniel R.; Balc, Susan (July 26–28, 2001). "High Seas Satellite Launches: Paragon of Post Cold War Cooperation or Unregulated Danger?". International Studies Association's Convention of International Studies. Hong Kong. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Retrieved 2006-07-07.
  2. "Country Profiles: South Africa – Missile". NTI. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  3. Christol, Carl Q. (May 1979). "The Geostationary Orbital Position as a Natural Resource of the Space Environment". Netherlands International Law Review. 26 (01): 5. doi:10.1017/s0165070x00017654. ISSN 0165-070X.
  4. Ritchie, David (1982). Spacewar. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-11264-5.
  5. "Worst Ideas of the Century". Archived from the original on July 12, 2011. Retrieved 2016-12-01.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  6. "Amin Reports Mysterious Object". Toledo Blade. Reuters. May 5, 1973. p. 4. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  7. "UN Debates Encounters With Aliens" (PDF). UFO Investigator. National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena: 1–2. November 1971. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-28.
  8. Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. 2: 18. 1978. ..Grenada's proposed UFO agency came to a vote, out of the other 148 members of the UN, only one voted with Grenada - Idi Amin's Uganda Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. "Report on the International Conference on Small Satellites: Missions and Technology" (PDF). United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space: Scientific and Technical Subcommittee - Thirty-fourth session. Madrid. September 9–13, 1996. p. 3. Retrieved 2006-07-07.
  10. Kiwanuka, Semakula. "UGANDA". United Nations. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
  11. Anguma, Simon; Ayikoru, Joyce (December 2001). "Towards Introducing Space Science in Uganda". African Skies. Working Group on Space Sciences in Africa (6): 13–16. ISSN 1027-8389. Retrieved 2006-07-07.
  12. "List of Participants" (PDF). Regional Workshop on the Use of Space Technology for Outer Space Affairs. Addis Ababa. July 1–5, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2006-07-07.
  13. "List of Participants" (PDF). Regional Workshop on the Use of Space Technology for Natural Resources Management, Environmental Monitoring and Disaster Management. Khartoum. April 4–8, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-07-07.
  14. Ssendawula, John (May 2003). "Report of the Best Practices for the Integrated Drylands Development Programme for Uganda". Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries. Archived from the original (DOC) on 2006-08-08. Retrieved 2006-07-07.
  15. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/amp/pwsp/documents/Waiswa-Uganda.pdf http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/sap/2002/ethiopia/presentations/5speaker01_1.pdf%5B%5D
  16. Kirunda, Emmanuel Sunlight (2009). The Fourth Heritage: How We Ugandans Can Integrate Our Tribal, Religious and Colonial Heritages. AuthorHouse. p. 91. ISBN 978-1449009403.
  17. Lumu, David Tash (3 November 2010). "Museveni to take Uganda to the moon". The Observer. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  18. Thompson, Paul (3 December 2011). "Not exactly NASA! Ugandan space chief builds test craft in his mother's muddy back yard", The Daily Mail. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
  19. Kiirya, Donald (13 February 2013). "Uganda to launch its first space observer". NewVision.
  20. Cavell, Anna (25 August 2011). "African space research: Dreaming of a manned shuttle", BBC News. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
  21. Wither, Emily (4 October 2011). "One man's mission to put Ugandans in space", CNN. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
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